Water Level Indicator free essay sample

Generally when we are pumping liquids like water or may be any other liquid is we need a human to see whether the tank is filled or not or we will place a overflow pipe to know that the tank is fill or not in case of water tank and we get confirmed from the water coming from overflow pipe that the has been filled. ere is lots of wastage of water and still we need a human to have a look  over it and so to avoid this and to save wastage of water or any other liquid that is being filled. Here is a simple circuit for liquid level alarm this circuit only tells us when the tank is full with a beep sound. It is built around two BC547 transistors (T1 and T2) and two timer 555 ICs(IC1 and IC2). Both IC1 and IC2 are wired in a stable multi vibrator mode. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Level Indicator or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Timer IC1 produces low frequency, while timer IC2 produces high frequency. As a result, a beeping tone is generated when the liquid tank is full. Initially, when the tank is empty, transistor T1 does not conduct. Consequently, transistor T2 conducts and pin 4 of IC1 is low. This low voltage disables IC1 and it does not oscillate. The low output of IC1 disables IC2 and it does not oscillate. As a result, no sound is heard from the speaker. But when the tank gets filled up, transistor T1 conducts. Consequently, transistor T2 is cut off and pin 4 of IC1 becomes high. This high voltage enablesIC1 and it oscillates to produce low frequencies at pin 3. This low-frequency output enables IC2and it also oscillates to produce high frequencies. As a result, sound is produced from the speaker. Using preset VR1 we can control the volume of the sound from the speaker. The circuit can be powered from a 9V battery or from mains by using a 9V power adaptor. This circuit can  be easily designed and it is easy to Assemble the circuit on a general purpose PCB and we can enclose it in a suitable cabinet. The circuit is as shown below. Circuit of water level indicator 2) CIRCUIT DIAGARM: 3) How it works: The circuit contains I. Bc547 transistors II. Ic 555 timers III. Resistors IV. Capacitors V. Speaker/Buzzer/alarm VI. 9v power supply(battery/ 9v adaptor) VII. Preset VIII. PCB Here we will install two water-level probes using metal strips such that one touches the bottom of the tank and the other touches the maximum level of the water in the tank. Interconnect the sensor and the circuit using a flexible wire as shown in above circuit diagram. hen tank is empty or until the liquid touches the probe present at maximum level the transistor T1 doesn’t conducts and then output is high at collector of transistor T1, this drives the transistor T2 and transistor T2is in on state, and the output at collector of transistor will be low and as it is connected to  pin4(reset pin) this disables ic1(555timer) and output at pin3 which is also low and as it is connected to pin4 of ic2(555tim er) and the output is also low at pin3and it does not produce any sound . When the water or liquid level touches the second probe which is at maximum liquid level, the transistor T1 conducts and then output is low at collector of transistor T1, this drives the transistor T2 into cutoff and transistor T2 is in off state, and the output at collector of  transistor will be high and as it is connected to pin4(reset pin) this enables ic1(555timer) and output at pin3 which is also high and as it is connected to pin4 of ic2(555timer) and the output is  produced at pin3and it produces sound. nd by hearing sound we can confirm that the tank is filled with liquid and we can stop filling it. Also we need a human to switch on and off the  pumping of water, instead of speaker we can use a automatic switch which can switch off the  pumping automatically. 4) COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION: A) IC 555 TIMER The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package. Introduced in 1972 by Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use, thanks to its ease of use, low price, and good stability. It is now made by many companies in the original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types. As of 2003, it was estimated that 1 billion units are manufactured every year. ? PIN DIAGRAM: Pin 1 (Ground): Connects to the 0v power supply. Pin 2 (Trigger): Detects 1/3 of rail voltage to make output HIGH. Pin 2 has control over pin 6. If pin 2 is LOW, and pin 6 LOW,   output goes and stays HIGH. If pin 6 HIGH, and pin 2 goes LOW, output goes LOW while pin 2 LOW. This pin has a very high impedance (about 10M) and will trigger with about 1uA. Pin 3 (Output): (Pins 3 and 7 are in phase. ) Goes HIGH (about 2v less than rail) and LOW (about 0. 5v less than 0v) and will deliver up to 200mA. Pin 4 (Reset): Internally connected HIGH via 100k. Must be taken below 0. 8v to reset the chip. Pin 5 (Control): A voltage applied to this pin will vary the timing of the RC network (quite considerably). Pin 6 (Threshold): Detects 2/3 of rail voltage to make output LOW only if pin 2 is HIGH. This pin has a very high impedance (about 10M) and will trigger with about 0. uA. Pin 7 (Discharge): Goes LOW when pin 6 detects 2/3 rail voltage but pin 2 must be HIGH. If pin 2 is HIGH, pin 6 can be HIGH or LOW and pin 7 remains LOW. Goes OPEN (HIGH) and stays HIGH when pin 2 detects 1/3 rail voltage (even as a LOW pulse) when pin 6 is LOW. (Pins 7 and 3 are in phase. ) Pin 7 is equal to pin 3 but pin 7 does not go high it goes OPEN. But it goes LOW and will sink about 200mA. Pin 8 (Supply):Connects to the positive power supply (Vs). This can be any voltage between 4. 5V and 15V DC, but is commonly 5V DC when working with digital IC. INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM: The LM555 is a highly stable controller capable of producing accurate timing pulses. With a mono stable operation, the time delay is controlled by one external resistor and one capacitor. This device features: Adjustable Duty Cycle, Turn off Time Less Than 2? Sec, Temperature Stability of 0. 005%/ °C, High Current Drive Capability (200mA) and Timing From ? Sec to Hours. The LM555 timer is applicable for Precision Timing, Time Delay Generation, Sequential Timing and Pulse Generation. The above schematic shows the LM555 Timer Internal Circuit Block Diagram. The Absolute Maximum Ratings (TA = 25 °C) of LM555 are as follows: |Parameter |Value | |Supply Voltage |16V | |Lead Temperature (Soldering 10sec)|300 °C | | |600mW | |Power Dissipation |(0 ~ +70) °C | |Operating Temperature Range |(-65 ~ +150) °C | |Storage Temperature Range | | | | | | | | | | | ? FEATURES: o High Current Drive Capability (200mA o Adjustable Duty Cycle o Temperature Stability of 0. 005%/ °C o Timing From  µSec to Hours o Turn off Time Less Than 2 µSec ? APPLICATION: o Precision Timing o Pulse Generation o Time Delay Generation o Sequential Timing B) BC 547 TRANSISTOR: [pic] |TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION: | |The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. The BC547 transistor is a general-purpose transistor in a small| |plastic packages. It is used in general-purpose switching and amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN | |general-purpose transistors. | |The BC547 transistor is an NPN bipolar transistor, in which the letters N and P refer to the majority charge carriers | |inside the different regions of the transistor. Most bipolar transistors used today are NPN, because electron mobility is | |higher than hole mobility in semiconductors, allowing greater currents and faster operation. NPN transistors consist of a | |layer of P-doped semiconductor (the base) between two N-doped layers. A small current entering the base in common-emitter | |mode is amplified in the collector output. In other terms, an NPN transistor is on when its base is pulled high relative | |to the emitter. The arrow in the NPN transistor symbol is on the emitter leg and points in the direction of the conventional| |current flow when the device is in forward active mode. One mnemonic device for identifying the symbol for the NPN | |transistor is not pointing in. An NPN transistor can be considered as two diodes with a shared anode region. In typical | |operation, the emitter base junction is forward biased and the base collector junction is reverse biased. In an NPN | |transistor, for example, when a positive voltage is applied to the base emitter junction, the equilibrium between thermally | |generated carriers and the repelling electric field of the depletion region becomes unbalanced, allowing thermally excited | |electrons to inject into the base region. These electrons wander (or diffuse) through the base from the region of high | |concentration near the emitter towards the region of low concentration near the collector. The electrons in the base are | |called minority carriers because the base is doped p-type which would make holes the majority carrier in the base | BC547 TRANSISTOR CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC SYMBOL | |[pic] | |BC547 TRANSISTOR PINOUTS | |[pic] | |BC547 TRANSISTOR SOURCES | |The BC547 is very common and manufactured by ON Semi, Fairchild, and NXP. They can be purchased in small quantity for $. 03 | |to $. 20 depending on variation Mouser, Digikey both stock the BC547 samples. | | | C) RESISTOR: | | [pic] | |A typical axial-lead resistor | [pic]A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistors terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohms law: [pic] where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conducto r in units of ohms. The ratio of the voltage applied across a resistors terminals to the intensity of current in the circuit is called its resistance, and this can be assumed to be a constant (independent of the voltage) for ordinary resistors working within their ratings. Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome). Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits. D) CAPACITOR: A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies, in electric power transmission systems for stabilizing voltage and power flow, and for many other purposes. The capacitor is a reasonably general model for electric fields within electric circuits. An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge  ±Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them: [pic] Sometimes charge build-up affects the capacitor mechanically, causing its capacitance to vary. In this case, capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes: [pic] E) PRESET: A preset is a three legged electronic component which can be made to offer varying resistance in a circuit. The resistance is varied by adjusting the rotary control over it. The adjustment can be done by using a small screw driver or a similar tool. The resistance does not vary linearly but rather varies in exponential or logarithmic manner. Such variable resistors are commonly used for adjusting sensitivity along with a sensor. The variable resistance is obtained across the single terminal at front and one of the two other terminals. The two legs at back offer fixed resistance which is divided by the front leg. So whenever only the back terminals are used, a preset acts as a fixed resistor. Presets are specified by their fixed value resistance. Pin Diagram: F) BUZZER: A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke. Mechanical A joy buzzer is an example of a purely mechanical buzzer. Electromechanical Early devices were based on an electromechanical system identical to an electric bell without the metal gong. Similarly, a relay may be connected to interrupt its own actuating current, causing the contacts to buzz. Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling to use it as a sounding board. The word buzzer comes from the rasping noise that electromechanical buzzers made. Piezoelectric Piezoelectric disk beeper A piezoelectric element may be driven by an oscillating electronic circuit or other audio signal source, driven with a piezoelectric audio amplifier. Sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a click, a ring or a beep. G) PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD: [pic] A printed circuit board, or  PCB, is used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks, or  traces ,etched   from copper sheets laminated on to a non-conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board(PWB) or  etched wiring board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly(PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assemble(PCBA). PCBs are inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require much more layout effort and higher initial cost than either  wire-wrapped or  Ã‚  point-to-point constructed   circuits, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production. Much of the electronics industrys PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that are published by the IPC organization. 5) SCOPE: This circuit only indicates the amount of water present in the over head tank, It gives an alarm when the tank is full. This worthy device starts ringing as soon as the water tank becomes full. It helps to check overflow and wastage of  water by warning the customer when the tank is about to brim. ? Now no need to go on the roof to look the water level. ? Alarm starts ringing as soon as tank becomes full. ? Suitable for every tank. ? Easy to make and economical circuit.

Qualities of a good leader

Qualities of a good leader What makes a good leader of a country? A leader can be defined as someone who leads others. According to Greer, â€Å"a leader can be someone who is in charge or commands others in an organization or a country† (30). Leadership cannot be based solely on an individual’s responsibility. It is important to add that a leader is not just about politics. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Qualities of a good leader specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, leaders can be found in every sector including sports, entertainment, and corporate sector among other areas. The argument about leadership focus on: what are the right qualities? What should the leaders do to strengthen these qualities? How are these qualities developed? This paper seeks to argue the qualities that ultimately define a good leader in a country. To answer the question on what makes a good leader appropriate, it is important to acknowledge that tr aditional qualities that have defined a good leader such as aptitude, strength, determination, and vision are not sufficient in today’s world. In this changing world, a leader- in addition to the listed qualities- needs a high degree of emotional intelligence. A look at history can reveal a number of highly skilled and intelligent leaders who took over leadership of their country only for them to perform dismally. Therefore, it can be concluded that finding the right leader is an art and science. Notably, â€Å"although leaders may share general qualities, each leader has a personal style of doing things. Some leaders are passive and analytical while others are very proactive and confrontational† (Daft and Lane 52). Another important thing to acknowledge is that a leader, especially in a country or state, will often face different situations that will often require different approaches. While pursuing diplomacy, the leader will be required to be a sensitive negotiator ; while consoling victims of a disaster, the leader will need to show empathy and comfort; when dealing with state enemies, the leader is needed to have a forceful authority. The general conclusion, in my opinion, is that, to be leader, intelligence, hard work, and vision are important aspects to consider. However, even with all these, a leader should have the emotional intelligence to be successful and sustain the leadership status that is made possible by the primary characteristics listed. There are various aspects of emotional intelligence that are critical to good leadership. According to Goleman, â€Å"they include self-awareness, enthusiasm and responsiveness. Others include group skills and self-regulation† (21). Researchers have carried out studies in the corporate world, and the results have shown that emotional intelligence is often what distinguishes the outstanding leader. Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The first component I analyze is the aspect of self-awareness. This refers to the ability to have a deep understanding of one’s emotions, strengths, weaknesses, motivational factors. To be self aware means that one is honest with his or herself. It also implies that the individual is neither critical of others nor unrealistic. Further, individuals who are self aware can predict how different emotions will affect them and the performance of their work. For example, a leader who has self awareness may know that interviews with the press often make him or her nervous. Therefore, it is prudent to avoid such interviews and choose other methods of communication. The same self awareness can be applied when it comes to ideals and values in which an individual believes. It has often been said that a leader who does not believe in anything will fall for anything. Therefore, the leader with self-awareness will be able to turn down a n investor’s request to set up a big industry in the country if that investment will hurt the environment. Weak leaders who lack self awareness will accept to do something, but after two or three years down the line, they will rescind their decision. It can be noted that people who have self awareness are coherent and articulate. They are able to speak openly and precisely tackle the areas they are addressing. They are also able to describe themselves accurately (Northouse 154). The other component of emotional intelligence is self regulation. From the onset, it is important to acknowledge that emotions are part human life. Although humans cannot do away with emotions, it is possible to control and manage them. Self regulation is the ability to manage and control ones feelings in order to make one free from distractions. In this case, individuals should also be able to direct these feelings to a useful channel. For example, a leader may witness a shambolic presentation by m embers of his cabinet to a key investor. With the disappointment, the leader may feel the urge to kick a chair or bang the table which will bring a negative side of him to the investors. Therefore, self-regulation is the ability to apologize to the investor and carefully select the words that will authoritatively, yet humbly explain to the members of the cabinet the areas that will need to be corrected. Another example is when the leader of a country faces a threat of attack from another country. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Qualities of a good leader specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In such a delicate matter, one wrong move can cost the country in many ways. However, if the leader maintains calmness, does not panic, and can prepare the relevant stakeholders to deal with the problem, then the effect is different, and the damage can be controlled. Self-regulation is also a strong pillar of integrity. Thornton no ted, â€Å"on many occasions, people with integrity are often caught in decisions that lack integrity† (p.13). Although such leaders have integrity, they lack self-regulation, which often enhances integrity. An example is a leader who is faced with a crisis and has no solution for the crisis. In the heat of things, the leaders may decide to apply a solution that is outside the law. Thus, although the action may have been intended to help the country, lack of self regulation may lead the leader to undermine his own integrity. The third aspect of emotional intelligence is motivation. It is almost an unwritten rule that a good leader should have motivation. In this context, motivation refers to the urge to achieve. A motivated leader is one who is never contented with the status quo. They are always striving to do better things and doing them differently. Such leaders often raise the performance bar, and they keep track of the scores. In this case, a good example is Thomas Sank ara, the slain leader of Burkina Faso from Africa. Sankara became the leader of Burkina Faso at a time when the country was reliant on donor funds. Uncomfortable, with the status quo, he led his countrymen on an overdrive to practice farming to a level that had hitherto been unseen. The country was for the first time able to feed all its population without the aid from foreign countries. The same leader introduced a government policy requiring all top government officials to stop the usage of the extravagant Mercedes Benzes. Instead, government officials were encouraged to use the modest Volkswagen vehicles so as to save money for increment of teacher’s salaries. The fourth component of emotional integrity is empathy. The uniqueness of this component is that, unlike the aforementioned components, this component is very easy to identify and recognize. However, the modern world will rarely reward a leader in business or politics on account of empathy. In this case, the convent ional understanding of empathy is to be able to take other peoples feelings and give them priority as if they were one’s own. In this context, empathy refers to the ability of the leader to consider the interests of all stakeholders when making decisions. The last component is the idea of social skills. The two components are related as they are concerned with the ability to establish meaningful relationships with other people. A leader is always leading and managing people. Thus, a good leader should be able to get along with these people.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the discussion, it is clear that, to lead a country, a great team is what will deliver great leadership. However, in every country, there is a leader. Some are led by a monarch, others by dictators, or others like the United States by a democratically elected leader. In monarchs and dictatorships, leaderships will tend to be highly concentrated around an individual. On the other hand, democracies allow power to be decentralized to other institutions like the parliament, judiciary and the executive. The common denominator is that, whether the power is decentralized or centralized, the leader or leaders of the country need to possess certain qualities to lead the country effectively. The argument put forward is that, apart from the conventional qualities, a good leader of a country should possess the quality of emotional intelligence. Daft, Richard, and Patricia Lane. The Leadership Experience. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western, 2008. Print. Goleman, Daniel. Emotional Intelligen ce: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. London: Bloomsbury, 1996. Print. Greer, Eddie. Dare To Lead: Continuous Learning Creates The Best Leaders. Professional Safety, 56.6 (2011): 30-31. Print. Northouse, Peter. Leadership: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 2010. Print. Thornton, Grant. What makes a good leader? 2008. Web. www.grant-thornton.co.uk/pdf/20-leadership-report.pdf

History and Background of Fluoride Varnish Article

History and Background of Fluoride Varnish - Article Example One common factor in the data gathered is the sample population which is composed mostly children on the basis of the fact that the application of fluoride-containing products or treatment can be considered effective in the said age group. Fluoride varnish is a substance most specifically referred to as lacquer that is composed of 5% sodium fluoride that combined in a colophony or resin base which is used and applied on teeth to provide an immediate need for fluoride on the tooth surface. Compared to other fluoride-containing products the said substance is more effective but is needed to be applied by professionals (Association of State and Territorial Dental Directors Fluorides Committee, 2007). There are different issues that can be considered essentially related to the application and use of fluoride varnishes such as the components, the mechanism of action and the efficacy of the use. These concepts can be considered associated with the objective of the review undertaken which is the presentation of the history and background of the use of fluoride varnish. To be able to present the use of fluoride varnish in the dental field, an assimilation of empirical studies of the different functions from the onset of application and recognition of the treatment is included. This is to be able to view the inquiry specifically regarding the efficacy and effect of the application of fluoride varnish in the dental field. The applications of fluoride varnish for different ages with varying dental problems and ailments are included in the review undertaken. Included in the said dental problems being targeted by the application of fluoride varnish are caries, demineralization etc. One of the recognized uses of fluoride is presented in the study regarding the application of fluoride varnish as a public health measure against caries.

Cause and effects of going without sleep Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cause and effects of going without sleep - Essay Example The inability to cope with stress results in emotional disturbances (such as anxiety, fear, and worry), overthinking, and restlessness preventing an individual from sleeping. Besides stress, other psychological factors that cause insomnia include psychological disorders (both personality and clinical mental disorders) and traumatic experiences (such as rape, close encounter with death or the death of a loved one). Conversely, insomnia might result from physiological complications. The brain is ultimately responsible for controlling sleep in human beings. The pre-optic area of the hypothalamus (anterior part) is the part of the brain that controls sleep. Therefore, damage to this area of the brain from accidents might cause insomnia. Other physiological factors that might cause insomnia include coronary diseases, cancer or respiratory diseases among others. Some medications used to treat diseases might affect regular sleep patterns among individuals. Finally, social factors that might contribute to insomnia include dysfunctional social interactions. For example, physically or verbally abusive relationships are a major cause of stress, which in turn affects different aspects of an individual’s life including sleep. The recreational use of some drugs and substances also affects the sleeping pattern. For example, caffeine found in coffee and Khat all cause insomnia (Brodsky & Brodsky 67) . In conclusion, the effects of insomnia are also explicable using a bio-psycho-social approach. Insomnia impairs optimum mental functioning. Fatigued individuals are highly irritable, which puts a strain on their social interactions. For example, they are prone to emotional outbursts and fits of rage both at home and at the workplace. In addition, insomnia impeded speedy recovery of sick individuals (Brodsky & Brodsky

Hebrews through Revelation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hebrews through Revelation - Essay Example When the Kingdom of God is mentioned in the New Testament we at all times should take into account its context. The Jews entirely were very much anticipating the establishing of a concrete Kingly rule in which their King would govern and rule in Jerusalem and they would have an international status of authority. In Matthew 18.1, Luke 19.11, and Acts 1.6 are frequently the references to this particular Kingly rule of God in the New Testament. This was not the principle of Jesus. This alludes to the falsely held points of view of men of the Kingly Rule of God. However, Jesus explained very clearly that the Kingly Rule was not to be anticipated in this manner (Luke 17.21). His Kingly rule was never worldly or mortal (John 18.36) rather it was now existent in Him, and men should act in response to it from their hearts and offer themselves in deference and submission to God and to Jesus Christ. It led to the spreading of the word (Matthew 13). So as to experience and gain access into it m en should be conceived and given life from above (John 3.5-6). The final test was to identify whether their hearts were genuine and truly righteous (Matthew 13.1-8). There is hence a development of conception originally between the Kingly rule of God which was proclaimed the moment Jesus had been asserted by the Father as His Son (Mark 1.11) as well that which occurred when He was resurrected from the dead and received His rightful place in Heaven (Matthew

Management Reflective Paper

Management Reflective Paper Introduction The oxford dictionaries define collaboration as the action of working with someone to produce something. Ghodsi Laal (2012) stated that Collaboration is a philosophy of interaction and personal lifestyle where individuals are responsible for their actions, including learning and respect the abilities and contributions of their peers. When people come together to work on a certain project, they are creating a group that will collaborate to achieve their task. Different levels of collaboration can happen between individual, groups, departments, institution, sector, nation, and even businesses who are focused on achieving a task (Katz Martin, 1997). In colleges, collaborative learning is used as a tool to make students share ideas, learn from each other and understand how to work in groups which they will need in real life experience. This paper is focused on my reflection as a member of the Yellow Team campus collaboration activity for management for information professionals. Feelings In week one, we were asked by the tutor to pick an item from a brown paper bag, at first I thought it was candy, but later, I found out it was the name of a colour. At the time I picked the colour, I didnt exactly know what I am supposed to do with it, though I guessed it will have something to do with group related activity but I waited for further information from the tutor. During the lecture, the tutor Jane Burns explained what each of the colours we picked stands for which confirmed my earlier guess that it will be used to place each student in the class in groups and information relating to the on-campus collaboration activity was put up on Blackboard. The collaboration activity from information on Blackboard will be group participation on the 9th of February in a collaboration challenge which requires that all members of the group will have to participate and there will be challenges in place that each group will try to achieve and points will be given for each challenge met. The tutor did not actually state what the challenge will be which left us all wondering and asking the big question, what will this challenge be? and how are we going to accomplish this task? Since most of us dont know each other and to enable us to identify each other, the tutor sent an email on the 28th January with the email contact of all groups to each participant, this helped us communicate easily among ourselves to plan on how to get ready for the task. My group scheduled to meet on Monday 30th January at Library study room to brainstorm on how we will execute the task. During the meeting, the main question that each of us continued to ask is what will the challenge be?  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   but we all know that this question will remain unanswered until the day of the challenge. We drew up a couple of plans and accessed what we might need for the exercise. As part of our plan, we decided to get a whistle to use to signal each other in case we have to a split during our search to accomplish the task in time. We also got torch light, in an event it gets dark before the challenge is concluded. Analysis The campus collaboration activity took place on the 9th of February in Week three. We all arrived in class at OBrien Science centre and different colours of bandana was given to the team captain of different groups to help identify each student and the group they belong to alongside an envelope which contains the group task which will not be opened until we get to field and have received our task box from the volunteers. My group the Yellow team got our Yellow bandana and we all tied it where we feel it fits best. The tutor gave instructions and code of conduct regarding how we all are expected to conduct ourselves throughout the duration of the task. The most important part of the instruction was that under no condition should any participant go into the lake and any group that breaks this rule stands to lose the entire 15 marks. My group led by Dave our group captain headed out for the task which is supposed to take off from the OReily end of UCD (i.e. near the Egg) and we received our task box from the volunteers when we got to the task point. Our group captain opened the brown envelope containing our task and the mission stated therein was for us to get all the( ..?)ducks in the task box safely from the OReilly building side of the lake to the James Joyce library side of the lake. At first, the task seems very confusing and we were trying different approaches amongst ourselves to see if we can complete this task in time. Some of us had to throw some floating balls we found in our task box to understand what is the direction of the wind at that time and if the direction favours us by taking the floating balls to the library side, then we might be able to place the ducks in the water to float to the library side. That theory didnt seem so work as the floating balls never made it to the middle of the lake. With quick thinking among ourselves, we came up with another idea which was to place the ducks in a plastic bowl like objects we found in the task box and u se cello tape to tape the ducks tightly into the bowl. We used tiny ropes and pegs found in the task box to construct a long rope and taped the rope to bowls that we placed the ducks in. We then placed the bowl in the lake with the ducks securely taped inside it, we dragged the bowl from the OReilly end of the lake to the library end of the lake. Conclusion After the exercise, I understood how valuable this task is and I learnt a lot from the exercise. I learnt from the task that team approach to solving problems and quick thinking skills can help solve problems during a task. Collaboration activity can also help build self-esteem in certain students who find it very difficult to mix with their peers and also it creates a very good atmosphere for cooperation among students. The task also made me understand that time is very important in certain task and one needs to plan and manage time properly. Reference 1.Jasper, M. 2003. Beginning Reflective Practice-Foundation in Nursing and Health Care. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. 2. Katz, J. S., Martin, B. R. (1997). What is the collaboration? Research Policy, 26, 1-18. Available online at:   https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/20df/e4ac96f4f8c7f9e114919fcddc0dbe6784ce.pdf 3.Laal, M., Ghodsi, S. M. (2012). Benefits of collaborative learning. Procedia Social and Behavioural Sciences 31, (1),486-490.Available online at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042811030205

Competition Act :: Essays Papers

Competition Act The Competition Act at large focuses on forbidding, respective, agreements between undertakings or concerted practices which may restrict the competition within the market. It forbids all practices, which amount to the abuse of a dominant position in the Market by an undertaking where the practice could potentially, affect trade between its members. The rules of the Act set out the basic framework, providing for the maintenance of effective competition in the market. The Competition Act based on Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty of Rome provides control to business practices within our market. "The following shall be prohibited as incompatible with the common market: all agreements between undertakings , decisions by associations of undertakings, and concentrated practices which may effect trade between member states and which have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the common market " Therefor any agreement, decision, and practice caught by Section 5(1) must have the following conditions 1. There must be some form of collusion between the undertakings 2. Trade must be affected 3. There must be must some adverse effect on competition. This Section covers such agreements, decisions, practices which: a. Directly or indirectly fix the purchase or selling price or other trading conditions b. Limit or control production , markets, technical development or investment c. Share markets or sources of supply d. Impose the application of dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions which other parties outside such agreement, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage e. Make the conclusion of contrast subject to the acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations, which by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connections, which the subject of such contracts. The competition act analyzes various aspects so as to promote a healthy business environment. It gives a clear picture in respect to positioning in the market. Clearly, the narrower the definition of the relevant market, the greater the importance of an undertakings share of that market. Once one has defined the relevant market, one must determine whether the questioned undertaking has a dominant position in that market. In general, an undertaking has a dominant position if it can act on the market independently from its competitors. Thus, if a seller can ask any price for a product, even though its competitors are selling a similar product for much less, it is likely that the seller in question has a dominant position.

The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Three

Five miles away, in a small posting inn, a man sat in his room, alone, with a bottle of expensive French brandy, an empty glass, a very small case of clothing, and a woman's ring. His name was Jack Audley; formerly Captain John Audley of His Majesty's army; formerly Jack Audley of Butlersbridge, County Cavan, Ireland; formerly Jack Cavendish-Audley of the same place; and formerly – as formerly as one could get, as it was at the time of his christening – John Augustus Cavendish. The miniature had meant nothing to him. He could barely see it in the night, and he'd yet to find a portraitist who could capture a man's essence on a miniature painting, anyway. But the ring†¦ With an unsteady hand, he poured himself another drink. He hadn't looked closely at the ring when he took it from the old lady's hands. But now, in the privacy of his rented room, he'd looked. And what he'd seen had shaken him to his bones. He'd seen that ring before. On his own finger. His was a masculine version, but the design was identical. A twisted flower, a tiny swirled D. He'd never known what it meant, as he'd been told that his father's name was John Augustus Cavendish, no capital D's to be found anywhere. He still didn't know what the D stood for, but he knew that the old lady did. And no matter how many times he tried to convince himself that this was just a coincidence, he knew that this evening, on a deserted Lincolnshire road, he'd met his grandmother. Good Lord. He looked down at the ring again. He'd propped it up on the table, its face winking up at him in the candlelight. Abruptly, he twisted his own ring and yanked it off. He couldn't remember the last time his finger had been bare. His aunt had always insisted that he keep it close; it was the only keepsake they had of his father. His mother, they told him, had been clutching it in her shivering fingers when she was pulled from the frigid waters of the Irish Sea. Slowly, Jack held the ring out, carefully setting it down next to its sister. His lips flattened slightly as he regarded the pair. What had he been thinking? That when he got the two side by side he'd see that they were actually quite different? He'd known little of his father. His name, of course, and that he was the younger son of a well-to-do English family. His aunt had met him but twice; her impression had been that he was somewhat estranged from his relations. He spoke of them only laughingly, in that manner people used when they did not wish to say anything of substance. He hadn't much money, or so his aunt assumed. His clothes were fine, but well-worn, and as far as anyone could tell, he'd been wandering the Irish countryside for months. He'd said he had come to witness the wedding of a school friend and liked it so much that he stayed. His aunt saw no reason to doubt this. In the end, all Jack knew was this: John Augustus Cavendish was a well-born English gentleman who'd traveled to Ireland, fallen in love with Louise Galbraith, married her, and then died when the ship carrying them to England had sunk off the coast of Ireland. Louise had washed ashore, her body bruised and shivering, but alive. It was over a month before anyone realized she was pregnant. But she was weak, and she was devastated by grief, and her sister – the woman who had raised Jack as her own – said it was more of a surprise that Louise survived the pregnancy than it was that she finally succumbed at his birth. And that fairly well summed up Jack's knowledge of his paternal heritage. He thought about his parents from time to time, wondering who they'd been and which had gifted him with his ready smile, but in truth, he'd never yearned for anything more. At the age of two days he'd been given to William and Mary Audley, and if they had ever loved their own children more, they never allowed him to know it. Jack had grown up the de facto son of a country squire, with two brothers, a sister, and twenty acres of rolling pasture, perfect for riding, running, jumping – anything a young boy could fancy. It had been a marvelous childhood. Damn near perfect. If he was not leading the life he'd anticipated, if he sometimes lay in bed and wondered what the hell he was doing robbing coaches in the dead of night – at least he knew that the road to this point had been paved with his own choices, his own flaws. And most of the time, he was happy. He was reasonably cheerful by nature, and really, one could do worse than playing Robin Hood along rural British roads. At least he felt as if he had some sort of purpose. After he and the army had parted ways, he'd not known what to do with himself. He was not willing to return to his life as a soldier, and yet, what else was he qualified to do? He had two skills in life, it seemed: He could sit a horse as if he'd been born in the position, and he could turn a conversation with enough wit and flair to charm even the crustiest of individuals. Put together, robbing coaches had seemed the most logical choice. Jack had made his first theft in Liverpool, when he'd seen a young toff kick a one-handed former soldier who'd had the temerity to beg for a penny. Somewhat buoyed by a rather potent pint of ale, Jack had followed the fellow into a dark corner, pointed a gun a his heart, and walked off with his wallet. The contents of which he had then dispersed among the beggars on Queens Way, most of whom had fought for – and then been forgotten by – the good people of England. Well, ninety per cent of the contents had been dispersed. Jack had to eat, too. After that, it had been an easy step to move to highway robbery. It was so much more elegant than the life of footpad. And it could not be denied that it was much easier to get away on horseback. And so that was his life. It was what he did. If he'd gone back to Ireland, he would probably be married by now, sleeping with one woman, in one bed, in one house. His life would be County Cavan, and his world a far, far smaller place than it was today. His was a roaming soul. That was why he did not go back to Ireland. He splashed a bit more brandy into his glass. There were a hundred reasons why he did not go back to Ireland. Fifty, at least. He took a sip, then another, then drank deeply until he was too sotted to continue his dishonesty. There was one reason he did not go back to Ireland. One reason, and four people he did not think he could face. Rising from his seat, he walked to the window and looked out. There wasn't much to see – a small barn for horses, a thickly leaved tree across the road. The moonlight had turned the air translucent – shimmery and thick, as if a man could step outside and lose himself. He smiled grimly. It was tempting. It was always tempting. He knew where Belgrave Castle was. He'd been in the county for a week; one could not remain in Lincolnshire that long without learning the locations of the grand houses, even if one wasn't a thief out to rob their inhabitants. He could take a look, he supposed. He probably should take a look. He owed it to someone. Hell, maybe he owed it to himself. He hadn't been interested in his father much†¦but he'd always been interested a little. And he was here. Who knew when he'd be in Lincolnshire again? He was far too fond of his head to ever stay in one place for long. He didn't want to talk to the old lady. He didn't want to introduce himself and make explanations or pretend that he was anything other than what he was – A veteran of the war. A highwayman. A rogue. An idiot. An occasionally sentimental fool who knew that the softhearted ladies who'd tended the wounded had it all wrong – sometimes you couldn't go home again. But dear Lord, what he wouldn't give just to take a peek. He closed his eyes. His family would welcome him back. That was the worst of it. His aunt would put her arms around him. She would tell him it wasn't his fault. She would be so understanding. But she would not understand. That was his final thought before he fell asleep. And dreamed of Ireland. The following day dawned bright and mockingly clear. Had it rained, Jack wouldn't have bothered to go. He was on horseback, and he'd spent enough of his life pretending he didn't mind that he was soaked to the skin. He did not ride in the rain if he did not have to. He'd earned that much, at least. But he was not meant to meet up with his cohorts until nightfall, so he did not have an excuse for not going. Besides, he was just going to look. Maybe see if there was some way he could leave the ring for the old lady. He suspected it meant a great deal to her, and even though he could have probably got a hefty sum for it, he knew he would not be able to bring himself to sell it. And so he ate a hearty breakfast – accompanied by a noxious beverage the innkeeper swore would clear his head, not that Jack had said anything other than, â€Å"Eggs,† before the fellow said, â€Å"I'll get what you need.† Amazingly, the concoction worked (hence the ability to digest the hearty breakfast), and Jack mounted his horse and took off toward Belgrave Castle at an unhurried pace. He'd ridden about the area frequently over the last few days, but this was the first time he found himself curious at his surroundings. The trees seemed more interesting to him for some reason – the shape of the leaves, the way they showed their backs when the wind blew. The blossoms, too. Some were familiar to him, identical to the ones that bloomed in Ireland. But others were new, perhaps native to the dales and fens of the region. It was odd. He wasn't sure what he was meant to be thinking about. Perhaps that this vista was what his father had seen every time he'd ridden along the same road. Or maybe that, but for a freak storm in the Irish Sea, these might be the flowers and trees of his own childhood. Jack did not know whether his parents would have made their home in England or Ireland. They were apparently going over to introduce his mother to the Cavendish family when their ship had gone down. Aunt Mary had said that they were planning to decide where to live after Louise had a chance to see a bit of England. Jack paused and plucked a leaf off a tree, for no reason other than whimsy. It wasn't as green as the ones at home, he decided. Not that it mattered, of course, except that in a strange way, it did. He tossed the leaf to the ground and with a snort of impatience, took off at a greater speed. It was ludicrous that he felt even a niggle of guilt at going over to see the castle. Good God, it wasn't as if he was going to introduce himself. He did not want to find a new family. He owed the Audleys far more than that. He just wanted to see it. From afar. To see what might have been, what he was glad hadn't been. But maybe should have been. Jack took off at a gallop, letting the wind blow the memories away. The speed was cleansing, almost forgiving, and before he knew it he was at the end of the drive. And all he could think was – Good Lord. Grace was exhausted. She'd slept the night before, but not much, and not well. And even though the dowager had chosen to spend the morning in bed, Grace had not been afforded that luxury. The dowager was powerfully demanding, whether vertical, horizontal, or, should she ever figure out how to hold the position, at a slant. And so even though she tossed and turned, and refused to lift her head from the pillow, she still managed to summon Grace six times. The first hour. Finally, she had become engrossed in a batch of letters Grace had dug up for her at the bottom of her late husband's old desk, tucked in a box labeled: JOHN, ETON. Saved by school papers. Who would have thought? Grace's moment of rest was interrupted not twenty minutes later, however, by the arrival of the Ladies Elizabeth and Amelia Willoughby, the pretty, blond daughters of the Earl of Crowland, longtime neighbors and, Grace was always delighted to note, friends. Elizabeth especially. They were of an age, and before Grace's position in the world had plummeted with the death of her parents, had been considered proper companions. Oh, everyone knew that Grace would not make a match like the Willoughby girls – she would never have a London season, after all. But when they were all in Lincolnshire, they were, if not equals, then at least on something of the same level. People weren't so fussy at the Dance and Assembly. And when the girls were alone, rank was never something they noticed. Amelia was Elizabeth's younger sister. Just by a year, but when they were all younger, it had seemed a massive gulf, so Grace did not know her nearly so well. That would change soon, though, she supposed. Amelia was betrothed to Thomas, and had been from the cradle. It would have been Elizabeth, except she was promised to another young lord (also in infancy; Lord Crowland was not one to leave matters to chance). Elizabeth's fellow, however, had died quite young. Lady Crowland (who was not one for tact) had declared it all very inconvenient, but the papers binding Amelia to Thomas had already been signed, and it was deemed best to leave matters as they were. Grace had never discussed the engagement with Thomas – they were friends, but he would never talk about something so personal with her. Still, she had long suspected that he found the entire situation rather convenient. A fiancee did keep marriage-minded misses (and their mamas) at bay. Somewhat. It was quite obvious that the ladies of England believed in hedging their bets, and poor Thomas could not go anywhere without the women attempting to put themselves in the best possible light, just in case Amelia should, oh, disappear. Die. Decide she didn't wish to be a duchess. Really, Grace thought wryly, as if Amelia had any choice in the matter. But even though a wife would be a far more effective deterrent than a fiancee, Thomas continued to drag his feet, which Grace thought dreadfully insensitive of him. Amelia was one-and-twenty, for heaven's sake. And according to Lady Crowland, at least four men would have offered for her in London if she had not been marked as the future Duchess of Wyndham. (Elizabeth, sister that she was, said it was closer to three, but still, the poor girl had been dangling like a string for years.) â€Å"Books!† Elizabeth announced as they entered the hall. â€Å"As promised.† At her behest, Elizabeth's mother had borrowed several books from the dowager. Not that Lady Crowland actually read the books. Lady Crowland read very little outside the gossip pages, but returning them was a fine pretext to visit Belgrave, and she was always in favor of anything that placed Amelia in the vicinity of Thomas. No one had the heart to tell her that Amelia rarely even saw Thomas when she was at Belgrave. Most of the time, she was forced to endure the dowager's company – company, however, being perhaps too generous a word to describe Augusta Cavendish whilst standing before the young lady who was meant to carry on the Wyndham line. The dowager was very good at finding fault. One might even call it her greatest talent. And Amelia was her favorite subject. But today she had been spared. The dowager was still upstairs, reading her dead son's Latin conjugations, and so Amelia had ended up sipping tea while Grace and Elizabeth chatted. Or rather, Elizabeth chatted. It was all Grace could do to nod and murmur in the appropriate moments. One would think her tired mind would go utterly blank, but the opposite was true. She could not stop thinking about the highwayman. And his kiss. And his identity. And his kiss. And if she would meet him again. And that he'd kissed her. And – And she had to stop thinking about him. It was madness. She looked over at the tea tray, wondering if it would be rude to eat the last biscuit. † – certain you are well, Grace?† Elizabeth said, reaching forward to clasp her hand. â€Å"You look very tired.† Grace blinked, trying to focus on her dear friend's face. â€Å"I'm sorry,† she said reflexively. â€Å"I am quite tired, although that is not an excuse for my inattention.† Elizabeth grimaced. She knew the dowager. They all did. â€Å"Did she keep you up late last night?† Grace nodded. â€Å"Yes, although, truthfully, it was not her fault.† Elizabeth glanced to the doorway to make sure no one was listening before she replied, â€Å"It is always her fault.† Grace smiled wryly. â€Å"No, this time it really wasn't. We were†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Well, really, was there any reason not to tell Elizabeth? Thomas already knew, and surely it would be all over the district by nightfall. â€Å"We were accosted by highwaymen, actually.† â€Å"Oh, my heavens! Grace!† Elizabeth hastily set down her teacup. â€Å"No wonder you appear so distracted!† â€Å"Hmmm?† Amelia had been staring off into space, as she frequently did while Grace and Elizabeth were nattering on, but this had clearly got her attention. â€Å"I am quite recovered,† Grace assured her. â€Å"Just a bit tired, I'm afraid. I did not sleep well.† â€Å"What happened?† Amelia asked. Elizabeth actually shoved her. â€Å"Grace and the dowager were accosted by highwaymen!† â€Å"Really?† Grace nodded. â€Å"Last night. On the way home from the assembly.† And then she thought – Good Lord, if the highwayman is really the dowager's grandson, and he is legitimate, what happens to Amelia? But he wasn't legitimate. He couldn't be. He might very well be a Cavendish by blood, but surely not by birth. Sons of dukes did not leave legitimate offspring littering the countryside. It simply did not happen. â€Å"Did they take anything?† Amelia asked. â€Å"How can you be so dispassionate?† Elizabeth demanded. â€Å"They pointed a gun at her!† She turned to Grace. â€Å"Did they?† Grace saw it again in her mind – the cold round end of the pistol, the slow, seductive gaze of the highwayman. He wouldn't have shot her. She knew that now. But still, she murmured, â€Å"They did, actually.† â€Å"Were you terrified?† Elizabeth asked breathlessly. â€Å"I would have been. I would have swooned.† â€Å"I wouldn't have swooned,† Amelia remarked. â€Å"Well, of course you wouldn't,† Elizabeth said irritably. â€Å"You didn't even gasp when Grace told you about it.† â€Å"It sounds rather exciting, actually.† Amelia looked at Grace with great interest. â€Å"Was it?† And Grace – Good heavens, she felt herself blush. Amelia leaned forward, her eyes lighting up. â€Å"Was he handsome, then?† Elizabeth looked at her sister as if she were mad. â€Å"Who?† â€Å"The highwayman, of course.† Grace stammered something and pretended to drink her tea. â€Å"He was,† Amelia said triumphantly. â€Å"He was wearing a mask,† Grace felt compelled to point out. â€Å"But you could still tell that he was handsome.† â€Å"No!† â€Å"Then his accent was terribly romantic. French? Italian?† Amelia's eyes grew even wider. â€Å"Spanish.† â€Å"You've gone mad,† Elizabeth said. â€Å"He didn't have an accent,† Grace retorted. Then she thought of that lilt, that devilish little lift in his voice that she couldn't quite place. â€Å"Well, not much of one. Scottish, perhaps? Irish? I couldn't tell, precisely.† Amelia sat back with a happy sigh. â€Å"A highwayman. How romantic.† â€Å"Amelia Willoughby!† Elizabeth scolded. â€Å"Grace was just attacked at gunpoint, and you are calling it romantic?† Amelia opened her mouth to reply, but just then they heard footsteps in the hall. â€Å"The dowager?† Elizabeth whispered to Grace, looking very much as if she'd like to be wrong. â€Å"I don't think so,† Grace replied. â€Å"She was still abed when I came down. She was rather†¦ehrm†¦distraught.† â€Å"I should think so,† Elizabeth remarked. Then she gasped. â€Å"Did they make away with her emeralds?† Grace shook her head. â€Å"We hid them. Under the seat cushions.† â€Å"Oh, how clever!† Elizabeth said approvingly. â€Å"Amelia, wouldn't you agree?† Without waiting for an answer, she turned back to Grace. â€Å"It was your idea, wasn't it?† Grace opened her mouth to retort that she would have happily handed them over, but just then Thomas walked past the open doorway to the sitting room. Conversation stopped. Elizabeth looked at Grace, and Grace looked at Amelia, and Amelia just kept looking at the now empty doorway. After a moment of held breath, Elizabeth turned to Amelia and said, â€Å"I think he does not realize we are here.† â€Å"I don't care,† Amelia declared, and Grace believed her. â€Å"I wonder where he went,† Grace murmured, although she did not think anyone heard her. They were all still watching the doorway, waiting to see if he'd return. There was a grunt, and then a crash. Grace stood, wondering if she ought to go investigate. â€Å"Bloody hell,† she heard Thomas snap. Grace winced, glancing over at the others. They had risen to their feet as well. â€Å"Careful with that,† she heard Thomas say. And then, as the three ladies watched in silence, the painting of John Cavendish moved past the open doorway, two footmen struggling to keep it upright and balanced. â€Å"Who was that?† Amelia asked once the portrait had gone by. â€Å"The dowager's middle son,† Grace murmured. â€Å"He died twenty-nine years ago.† â€Å"Why are they moving the portrait?† â€Å"The dowager wants it upstairs,† Grace replied, thinking that ought to be answer enough. Who knew why the dowager did anything? Amelia was apparently satisfied with this explanation, because she did not question her further. Or it could have been that Thomas chose that moment to reappear in the doorway. â€Å"Ladies,† he said. They all three bobbed curtsies. He nodded in that way of his, when he was clearly being nothing but polite. â€Å"Pardon.† And then he left. â€Å"Well,† Elizabeth said, and Grace wasn't certain whether she was trying to express outrage at his rudeness or simply fill the silence. If it was the latter, it didn't work, because no one said anything more until Elizabeth finally added, â€Å"Perhaps we should leave.† â€Å"No, you can't,† Grace replied, feeling dreadful for having to be the bearer of such bad news. â€Å"Not yet. The dowager wants to see Amelia.† Amelia groaned. â€Å"I'm sorry,† Grace said. And meant it. Amelia sat down, looked at the tea tray and announced, â€Å"I'm eating the last biscuit.† Grace nodded. Amelia would need sustenance for the ordeal ahead. â€Å"Perhaps I should order more?† But then Thomas returned again. â€Å"We nearly lost it on the stairs,† he said to Grace, shaking his head. â€Å"The whole thing swung to the right and nearly impaled itself on the railing.† â€Å"Oh, my.† â€Å"It would have been a stake through the heart,† he said with grim humor. â€Å"It would have been worth it just to see her face.† Grace prepared to rise and make her way upstairs. If the dowager was awake, that meant her visit with the Willoughby sisters was over. â€Å"Your grandmother rose from bed, then?† â€Å"Only to oversee the transfer. You're safe for now.† He shook his head, rolling his eyes as he did so. â€Å"I cannot believe she had the temerity to demand that you fetch it for her last night. Or,† he added quite pointedly, â€Å"that you actually thought you could do it.† Grace thought she ought to explain. â€Å"The dowager requested that I bring her the painting last night,† she told Elizabeth and Amelia. â€Å"But it was huge!† Elizabeth exclaimed. â€Å"My grandmother always favored her middle son,† Thomas said, with a twist of his lips that Grace would not have called a smile. He glanced across the room, and then, as if suddenly realizing his future bride was present, said, â€Å"Lady Amelia.† â€Å"Your grace,† she responded. But he couldn't possibly have heard her. He was already back to Grace, saying, â€Å"You will of course support me if I lock her up?† â€Å"Thom – † Grace began, cutting herself off at the last moment. She supposed that Elizabeth and Amelia knew that he had given her leave to use his given name while at Belgrave, but still, it seemed disrespectful to do so when others were present. â€Å"Your grace,† she said, enunciating each word with careful resolve. â€Å"You must grant her extra patience this day. She is distraught.† Grace sent up a prayer for forgiveness as she let everyone think the dowager had been upset by nothing more than an ordinary robbery. She wasn't precisely lying to Thomas, but she suspected that in this case the sin of omission could prove equally dangerous. She made herself smile. It felt forced. â€Å"Amelia? Are you unwell?† Grace turned. Elizabeth was watching her sister with concern. â€Å"I'm perfectly fine,† Amelia snapped, which was enough, of course, to show that she was not. The pair bickered for a moment, their voices low enough so Grace could not make out their exact words, and then Amelia rose, saying something about needing some air. Thomas stood, of course, and Grace rose to her feet as well. Amelia passed by and even reached the doorway before Grace realized that Thomas did not intend to follow. Good heavens, for a duke, his manners were abominable. Grace elbowed him in the ribs. Someone had to, she told herself. No one ever stood up to the man. Thomas shot her a dirty look, but he obviously realized that she was in the right, because he turned to Amelia, nodded his head the barest of inches, and said, â€Å"Allow me to escort you.† They departed, and Grace and Elizabeth sat silently for at least a minute before Elizabeth said resignedly, â€Å"They are not a good match, are they?† Grace glanced at the door, even though they had long since departed. She shook her head. It was huge. It was a castle, of course, and meant to be imposing, but really. Jack stood, open-mouthed. This was huge. Funny how no one had mentioned that his father was from a ducal family. Had anyone even known? He had always assumed his father had been the son of some jolly old country squire, maybe a baronet or possibly a baron. He had always been told that he was sired by John Cavendish, not Lord John Cavendish, as he must have been styled. And as for the old lady†¦Jack had realized that morning that she had never given her name, but surely she was the duchess. She was far too imperious to be a maiden aunt or widowed relation. Good Lord. He was the grandson of a duke. How was that possible? Jack stared at the structure before him. He was not a complete provincial. He'd traveled widely whilst in the army and had gone to school with the sons of Ireland's most notable families. The aristocracy was not unknown to him. He did not consider himself uncomfortable in their midst. But this†¦ This was huge. How many rooms in the place? There had to be over a hundred. And what was the provenance? It didn't look quite medieval, despite the crenellations at the top, but it was certainly pre-Tudor. Something important must have happened there. Houses did not get this big without stumbling into the occasional historic event. A treaty, maybe? Perhaps a royal visit? It sounded like the sort of thing that would have been mentioned in school, which was probably why he didn't know it. A scholar he was not. The view of the castle as he'd approached had been deceptive. The area was heavy with trees, and the turrets and towers seemed to twinkle in and out of sight as he moved through the foliage. It was only when he reached the end of the drive that it had come completely into view – massive and amazing. The stone was gray in color, with a hint of a yellow undertone, and although its angles were mostly squared off, there was nothing boring about the facade. It dipped and rose, jutted out and swept back in. No long Georgian wall of windows was this. Jack couldn't even imagine how long it would take a newcomer to find his way around inside. Or how long it would take to find the poor fellow once he got himself lost. And so he stood and stared, trying to take it in. What would it have been like to grow up there? His father had done so, and by all accounts he'd been a nice enough fellow. Well, by one account, he supposed – his Aunt Mary was the only person he knew who'd known his father well enough to pass along a story or two. Still, it was difficult to imagine a family living there. His own home in Ireland had not been small by any standards, but still, with four children it often felt as if they were constantly crashing into one another. You couldn't go ten minutes or even ten steps without being swept into a conversation with a cousin or a brother or an aunt or even a dog. (He'd been a good dog, God rest his furry little soul. Better than most people.) They had known each other, the Audleys. It was, Jack had long since decided, a very good – and very uncommon – thing. After a few minutes there was a small flurry of movement at the front door, then three women emerged. Two were blond. It was too far away to see their faces, but he could tell by the way they moved that they were young, and probably quite pretty. Pretty girls, he'd long since learned, moved differently than the plain ones. It did not matter if they were aware of their beauty or not. What they weren't was aware of their plainness. Which the plain ones always were. Jack quirked a half smile. He supposed he was a bit of a scholar of women. Which, he'd often tried to convince himself, was as noble a subject as any. But it was the third girl – the last to emerge from the castle – who captured his breath and held him motionless, unable to look away. It was the girl from the carriage the night before. He was sure of it. The hair was the right color – shiny and dark, but it wasn't such a unique shade that it couldn't be found elsewhere. He knew it was her because†¦because†¦ Because he did. He remembered her. He remembered the way she moved, the way she felt pressed up against him. He remembered the soft breath of the air between their bodies when she'd moved away. He'd liked her. He didn't often get the chance to like or dislike the people he waylaid, but he'd been thinking to himself that there was something rather appealing about the flash of intelligence in her eyes when the old lady had shoved her at him, giving him permission to hold a gun to her head. He'd not approved of that. But he'd appreciated it all the same, because touching her, holding her – it had been an unexpected pleasure. And when the old lady returned with the miniature, his only thought had been that it was a pity he didn't have time to kiss her properly. Jack held himself quietly as he watched her move in the drive, glancing over her shoulder, then leaning forward to say something to the other girls. One of the blondes linked arms with her and led her off to the side. They were friends, he realized with surprise, and he wondered if the girl – his girl, as he was now thinking of her – was something more than a companion. A poor relation, maybe? She was certainly not a daughter of the house, but it seemed she was not quite a servant. She adjusted the straps of her bonnet, and then she (What was her name? He wanted to know her name) pointed to something in the distance. Jack found himself glancing the same way, but there were too many trees framing the drive for him to see whatever had captured her interest. And then she turned. Faced him. Saw him. She did not cry out, nor did she flinch, but he knew that she saw him in the way she†¦ In the way she simply was, he supposed, because he could not see her face from such a distance. But he knew. His skin began to prickle with awareness, and it occurred to him that she'd recognized him, too. It was preposterous, because he was all the way down the drive, and not wearing his highwayman's garb, but he knew that she knew she was staring at the man who had kissed her. The moment – it could only have lasted seconds – stretched into eternity. And then somewhere behind him a bird cawed, snapping him from his trance, and one thought pounded through his head. Time to go. He never stayed in one spot for long, but here – this place – it was surely the most dangerous of all. He gave it one last look. Not of longing; he did not long for this. And as for the girl from the carriage – he fought down something strange and acrid, burning in his throat – he would not long for her, either. Some things were simply untenable. â€Å"Who was that man?† Grace heard Elizabeth speak, but she pretended not to. They were sitting in the Willoughbys' comfortable carriage, but their happy threesome now numbered four. The dowager had, upon rising from her bed, taken one look at Amelia's sun-kissed cheeks (Grace did think that she and Thomas had taken quite a long walk together, all things considered), and gone into a barely intelligible tirade about the proper decorum of a future duchess. It was not every day one heard a speech containing dynasty, procreation, and sunspots – all in one sentence. But the dowager had managed it, and now they were all miserable, Amelia most of all. The dowager had got it into her head that she needed to speak with Lady Crowland – most probably about the supposed blemishes on Amelia's skin – and so she invited herself along for the ride, giving instructions to the Wyndham stables to ready a carriage and send it after them for the return journey. Grace had come along, too. Because, quite frankly, she didn't have any choice. â€Å"Grace?† It was Elizabeth again. Grace sucked in her lips and positively glued her eyes to a spot on the seat cushion just to the left of the dowager's head. â€Å"Who was it?† Elizabeth persisted. â€Å"No one,† Grace said quickly. â€Å"Are we ready to depart?† She looked out the window, pretending to wonder why they were delayed on the drive. Any moment now they would leave for Burges Park, where the Willoughbys lived. She had been dreading the journey, short though it was. And then she'd seen him. The highwayman. Whose name wasn't Cavendish. But once was. He had left before the dowager emerged from the castle, turning his mount in a display of horsemanship so expert that even she, who was no equestrienne, recognized his skill. But he had seen her. And he had recognized her. She was certain of it. She'd felt it. Grace tapped her fingers impatiently against the side of her thigh. She thought of Thomas, and of the enormous portrait that had passed by the doorway of the sitting room. She thought of Amelia, who had been raised since birth to be the bride of a duke. And she thought of herself. Her world might not be quite what she wanted, but it was hers, and it was safe. One man had the power to send it all crashing down. Which was why, even though she would have traded a corner of her soul for just one more kiss from a man whose name she did not know, when Elizabeth remarked that it looked as if she knew him, she said, sharply, â€Å"I do not.† The dowager looked up, her face pinched with irritation. â€Å"What are you talking about?† â€Å"There was a man at the end of the drive,† Elizabeth said, before Grace could deny anything. The dowager's head snapped back in Grace's direction. â€Å"Who was it?† she demanded. â€Å"I don't know. I could not see his face.† Which wasn't a lie. Not the second part, at least. â€Å"Who was it?† the dowager thundered, her voice rising over the sound of the wheels beginning their rumble down the drive. â€Å"I don't know,† Grace repeated, but even she could hear the cracks in her voice. â€Å"Did you see him?† the dowager asked Amelia. Grace's eyes caught Amelia's. Something passed between them. â€Å"I saw no one, ma'am,† said Amelia. The dowager dismissed her with a snort, turning the full weight of her fury on Grace. â€Å"Was it he?† Grace shook her head. â€Å"I don't know,† she stammered. â€Å"I couldn't say.† â€Å"Stop the carriage,† the dowager yelled, lurching forward and shoving Grace aside so she could bang on the wall separating the cabin and the driver. â€Å"Stop, I tell you!† The carriage came to a sudden stop, and Amelia, who had been sitting face front beside the dowager, tumbled forward, landing at Grace's feet. She tried to get up but was blocked by the dowager, who had reached across the carriage to grab Grace's chin, her long, ancient fingers digging cruelly into her skin. â€Å"I will give you one more chance, Miss Eversleigh,† she hissed. â€Å"Was it he?† Forgive me, Grace thought. She nodded.

Liquid Definition in Chemistry

Liquid Definition in Chemistry Liquid Definition AÂ  liquid is one of the states of matter. The particles in a liquid are free to flow, so while a liquid has a definite volume, it does not have a definite shape. Liquids consist of atoms or molecules that are connected by intermolecular bonds. Examples of Liquids At room temperature, examples of liquids include water, mercury, vegetable oil, ethanol. Mercury is the only metallic element that is a liquid at room temperature, although francium, cesium, gallium, and rubidium liquefy at slightly elevated temperatures. Aside from mercury, the only liquid element at room temperature is bromine. The most abundant liquid on Earth is water. Properties of Liquids While the chemical composition of liquids may be very different from each other, the state of matter is characterized by certain properties: Liquids are nearly incompressible fluids. In other words, even under pressure, their value only decreases slightly.The density of a liquid is affected by pressure, but generally, the change in density is small. The density of a liquid sample is fairly constant throughout. The density of a liquid is higher than that of its gas and usually lower than that of its solid form.Liquids, like gases, take the shape of their container. However, a liquid cannot disperse to fill a container (which is a property of a gas).Liquids have surface tension, which leads to wetting.Although liquids are common on Earth, this state of matter is relatively rare in the universe because liquids only exist over a narrow temperature and pressure range. Most matter consists of gases and plasma.Particles in a liquid have greater freedom of movement than in a solid.When two liquids are placed into the same container, they may either mix (be miscible) or not (be immiscible). Examples of two miscible liquids are wat er and ethanol. Oil and water are immiscible liquids.

50 Winning Cause and Effect Essay Topics and Ideas

50 Winning Cause and Effect Essay Topics and Ideas If you are struggling with choosing a winning topic for your cause and effect essay feel free to use our cause and effect topics list which is being constantly updated. Cause and effect essay is an essay that deals primarily with the causes and effects of the event, situation or dilemma. The purpose of such an essay is to explain why the event happened, what are all the consequences and ramifications of the event. This  manner  of the  essay is an easy way to discuss and organize ideas around topics. In the essay of this type, you will be required to outline a situation describing what caused it and the effects of that particular situation:  direct and indirect, seen and unseen. 5 STEPS ON HOW TO WRITE A CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY How to Structure Your Essay A cause and effect essay is similar in structure to most other essays, in that it requires an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. However, because of the nature of the essay, body paragraphs will be largely  split into two major components, unlike many argumentative essays that often have three major body components. While writing a cause and effect essay stick firmly to the correct  cause and effect essay outline, since it is one of the key factors in getting a high grade for your paper. Cause and Effect Essay Topics by Levels of Difficulty Easy Cause and Effect Essay Topics History Causes of the American Civil War – state’s rights for slavery, unable to compromise, state vs. federal authority Effects of the Civil War – start of the civil war, federal authority established, end to slavery in America Education Causes of Bullying in School – parental abuse at home, feelings of inadequacy Effects of Bullying in School – physical and mental harm, lowering of grades English Causes of the Decline of Spelling in Schools – less focus on rote memorization techniques Effects of the Decline of Spelling in Schools – fewer students are becoming authors Political Science Causes of the Magna Carta – Nobles wanted the Monarchy to be more responsible, King John’s continual tax raises Effects of Magna Carta – all democratic institutions today, rule by the people Medium Difficulty Cause and Effect Essay Topics Marketing Causes of Brand Loyalty – effective marketing campaigns, repetitive advertising, similar messages Effects of Brand Loyalty – higher sales, enables higher pricing levels and better profit margins Sociology Causes of Poverty – lack of education, poor life choices, born into poverty Effects of Poverty – low life quality, perpetuates further poverty Science Causes of the Big Bang – what was the initial reaction, are there other theories more accurate to describe the beginning of the universe Effects of the Big Bang – are the causes relevant to the effects, would the Universe have evolved without a major starting event Criminology Causes of Riots – higher rates of poverty, unfair legislation, not enough social safety nets Effects of Riots – possible government overthrow, higher rate of crime Difficult Cause and Effect Essay Topics Environmental Studies Causes of Climate Change – pollution, human causes, long-term cycles Effects of Climate Change – more prevalent severe weather, rising tides Psychology Causes of Mental Illness – is there a family history, extreme stressful events Effects of Mental Illness – low quality of life, effects on other family members, long-term effects on mental ability Medical Practice Causes of Obesity – genetic causes, environmental causes, societal marketing Effects of Obesity – shorter life span, increase mental illness Computer Science Causes of the Singularity – humans create artificial intelligence for productivity increases Effects of the Singularity – machines take over the earth, machines become sentient If you are looking for cause and effect essay examples here is a great one CAUSE AND EFFECT ESSAY EXAMPLE: GREAT DEPRESSION Cause and Effect Essay Topics by Subject Environmental Issues Effects of CO2 Emissions on Global Environment Causes and Effects of Glacier Melting Effects of Industrial Pollution Causes and Effects of Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Effects of Drinking Water Contamination Blast Fishing and Its Effect on Marine Ecosystems Political Issues Why Has the US Invaded Iraq and Afghanistan? What are the consequences for such invasion? Did the Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) Lead to Risky Lending? Causes and Consequences of U.S. Governments Efforts to Increase Homeownership Will Congress and the President Take Action on the Growing Debt? What if it Does Not? What are the Causes and Implications of Winding Down Military Operation in Afghanistan? Social Issues Response of Society to Same-sex Marriages How Will Changes in Gun Regulations Affect Our Society? Consequences of Legalizing Abortions The Need for Sustainable Communities: Root Causes and Anticipated Effects Obesity in the US: Root Causes and Effects Economic Issues The Global Financial Crisis: Causes, Consequences, and Possible Alternatives Impact of Consumerism on Global Economy The Economic Impact of Hurricane Sandy Impact of â€Å"Obamacare† onto the Healthcare System Issues in the IT Spread of the Internet has Given Rise to Cyberbullying Cause and Effect of Internet Monitoring by US Government Impact of Social Networking Services on Today’s Life Ethical Issues Genetic Engineering: Causes and Effects Causes and Effects of Legalizing Marijuana for Recreational Use in Colorado Washington Cultural Imperialism Impact of Globalization Writing a cause and effect essay is a very specific task that needs to be structured properly. Teachers and professors are looking for specific links between causes and effects or an explanation as to why they were not causal to each other. A great essay explores not only the direct links that are obvious, it delves into the depth of  other possible connections to the situation. These indirect or unseen causes are often left out of these essays and cause lower marks. Get help in writing your cause and effect essay today by calling 1-800-235-4105  or place your order using our order form.

Brahmanism as an Early Stage of Hinduism Research Paper

Brahmanism as an Early Stage of Hinduism - Research Paper Example Brahmanism, which is also known as â€Å"Vedic Hinduism† dates back 4000 years and developed many of the beliefs and foundations for Hinduism. Although Hinduism did is clearly an extension of Brahmanism, many of the Hindu beliefs and practices were not established in Brahmanism tradition. The beliefs of Brahmanism were based on the sacred texts of the Vedas, hence the name â€Å"Vedic Hinduism.† Hinduism considers the Vedas a primary text of their religion but they do not limit themselves to the Vedas. In this way, Hinduism has taken its roots from Brahmanism and evolved into the third largest religion in the world. Brahmanism is responsible for developing a stable and enduring foundation for the Hindu religion. One system deeply rooted Brahmanism that has been carried over into Hinduism is the existence of a caste system. There were four different casts in this system including Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas and Sudras. Of these cases, the Brahmins were the highest as p riests and scholars (Brahmanism, 1). Hinduism recognizes and maintains these four hereditary caste systems but over the millenniums, has added many additional castes (Hinduism-Brahmanism, 1). Both Brahmanism and Hinduism also have established a belief in four stages of life. The four stages of life are Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha and Sanyasa. The functions and objectives of these four stages of life have remained virtually identical in present-day Hinduism (Hinduism, 1). In Hinduism, within these four stages in life are four objectives of life (Kama, Artha, Dharma and Moksha) (Hinduism, 1).

Answer some question form some lectures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer some question form some lectures - Essay Example By measuring and assessing the routines tasks of employees, the manager establishes the path of performance and progression for the workers (Armstrong, 2000). 3. A high performance organization is achieved by means of establishing and placing effective HRM (human resource management) function. It is the effective HRM function that strategically drives the growth and progression of the organization. An effective HRM function is based with the concept of knowledge management. Managing and maintaining intellectual knowledge, corporate knowledge, institutional and structural knowledge, the HRM function invites success for the organization. It is strategic and effective knowledge management that enables performance of the organization (Deb, 2006). 4. A strategic HRM function can be evaluated by means of the level of progress and improvement the organization has shown after the function got established. If employees have the best work environment, they have the best wages designed and they have performance-based appraisals project that the strategic HRM function has increased the strategic value of the organization. The values of trust, cooperation and collaboration are further indications that the organization has made strategic growth and progress (Armstrong, 2000). 5. Job Analysis is one of the significant tasks of the HRM function. It is a functional task to understand the nature and the requirements of a specific task or job. Job analysis elaborates the requirements of a specific job, the skills and qualifications needed to perform that job. Job analysis actually understands the relativeness of a worker on a specific task position. Placing right man to the right job is one significant outcome of job analysis operation. Analyzing the job of a HR manager, it can be said that planning and coordination are ultimate skills required for this designation. If a HR manager holds strong