To Sir, With Love by E. R. Braithewaite Essay Example for Free

To Sir, With Love by E. R. Braithewaite Essay In his novel, To Sir, With Love, E. R. Braithewaite traces the course of his relationship with his unruly charges, as a teacher in a rough school in London. I think Braithewaite was a resounding success, as he progressed from a new blackie teacher to Sir, with Love, as he moulded the lives of his students and played a role model to them. When he first met the students, he was faced with disobedience and hostility. They were indifferent to his attempts to integrate himself with them, and make them like him. I think they did not really cared about respecting Braithewaite as they imagined him to be as a transient as his predecessors. They mentioned him only briefly (and yet made a pointed reference to his race) in their weekly reviews. I do not think it was really their fault: they had had so many inept teachers in the past; they did not have any high expectation for Braithewaite Another (Hackman). Braithewaite went through three phases in his relationship with the students the noisy, silent and bawdy phases, all increasing in aggression. Matters came to a head one day as someone burnt a sanitary napkin in the class room, in what I believe was an act of testing the waters they were trying to see how far they could push Braithewaite. That incident was the turning point for Braithewaite as he reprimanded the students, I think he realised that trying to be their friend would not work, Instead he decided to be firm with them, not asking, but demanding, respect. One hurdle that he had to overcome was the students social background. They had been poorly fed, clothed and housed, in places where the breadwinner was chronically unemployed. Their neighbourhood was infested with social vermin. These children, I think, had never had any satisfactory father or role models that they could look up to. This, combined with their ingrained prejudice, made them feel that Braithewaite would be another Hackman who by all accounts gave the children too much rope. Braithewaite had to realise that they came from homes where order was often accomplished by a blow and in school where corporal punishment was banned, that he had to be strict in order to earn their respects. His first triumph was his success in imposing unfamiliar social codes on the children. By having them call each other Sir and Miss, I think he showed them a glimpse of what they could become well mannered, courteous young adults. Braithewaite quickly realised that lessons, unless they could relate to the students lives were of no use to the children. So he related the subjects and tailored the lessons to suit the children and in this way, he showed them that the purpose of education was the development of the students thinking and reasoning. In this way, Braithewaite gained the respect of the ringleaders of the children, except Denham. I think he finally grew up in their eyes as he beat Denham, a symbol for triumphing over adversity. I feel in the end, physical force was needed to win over the children, and it speaks volumes about their social background. After the boxing incident, Braithewaite became aware of in important change in his own attitude towards them. Whilst earlier his aim was to gain employment, not rally caring about the students, he now found himself liking them, collectively and singly and therefore more interested in their welfare and moral values. The trip to the museum brought out the best in the children, as they came scrubbed, combed, brushed and shining. I think the children finally had a hope of redemption, as they went on with their best behaviour, surprising and delighting Braithewaite. He now begins to identify himself with them, calling them my class and mentioning that they had become a part of him. But this brought in a new complication Pamela Dare. A girl with only scruffy, untidy men to look up to, she quickly develops a crush on the big, broad and handsome Braithewaite, but I think her crush was not more than a yearning for a father figure. Both Pamela and her mother respected Braithewaite enough to ask for his advice on family matter. Braithewaite, on his part, is careful and conscious of his limits with Pamela he treats her like any other student and without being too intrusive, he guides her and her mother. Barbara Peggs mother, on the other hand, was not so tolerant. Bluntly refusing him a room to lodge, on the grounds of his colour, she changes her mind only because her daughter, horrified at her behaviour, wanted her to apologise. But Braithewaite sees this, also, as a triumph. He knows hes gotten through to Barbara. He had taught her tolerance and the essential humanities. One person who seems not to have the essential humanities is Mr. Weston. He is deeply prejudiced against the children and their background and so is a contrast to Braithewaite. He calls his students snotty little tarts and blithe spirits and always claims that he is only a teacher for the money, and in this he is a marked contrast to Braithewaite. E.R. Braithwaite was truly a remarkable teacher in the way he changed his student attitudes and perceptions to the world around them, and their behaviour and outlook in general. They had, in only a year, progressed from being unruly, rude and out of hand to responsible, polite and mature adults with their whole future ahead of them, and all due to him. I feel that he was the best teacher they could have possibly had and he deserved to be called Sir, With Love.

Americas Fear of Evolution :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

America's Fear of Evolution In August of 1999, the teaching of evolution in schools was banned by the state of Kansas. In Texas, educators have debated over which textbooks to use in grade school science solely by the language of evolution each text contains. In Georgia, educators talk about replacing the word "evolution" with the phrase "biological changes over time." (1) Apparently, our apprehensions about teaching the theory of evolution are popping up all over the news. In hearing these debates, one usually thinks that it is only religious groups or fanatics trying to preserve their stories by eradicating the teaching of evolution. However, I think that culturally we have trouble accepting the theory of evolution because of other stories we tell ourselves. While religion does play a large role in our stories of creation, we have many ethics and ideals outside of faith that contrast with the theory of evolution. We may have trouble facing the facts of evolution because of what it says about the human race. A ccepting the theory of evolution places us on the same level as all other species in terms of how we came into existence and how that existence will end. It means letting go of many misconceptions we hold about ourselves. For example, that humans are somehow superior or meant to wield control over the earth. It affirms that we have not been here for nearly as long as our world, and will be long gone before the world ends. Evolution, it seems to me, touches more closely on our fears about death and our place in the grand scheme of things than it does on our faith. The reason evolution comes into such great conflict with religion is because questions such as, "Where will we go after our lives here end?" are so important to us. Consequently, the fear surrounding the theory of evolution belongs not only to the religious and the fanatical, but also to anyone who has ever asked him or herself such questions. America was founded on the concepts of idealism and opportunism; we all are broug ht up to take advantage of our opportunities and succeed to the best of our abilities. The nature of evolution is to go against these ideals. Evolution occurs randomly, meaning the human race did not "earn" its place as sovereign of the earth. As Americans, we see ourselves working toward a society that is closer and closer to perfection.

A Letter from the Trenches

I had attended to write earlier, however the Germans had us covered with the constant rain of shells falling, we had to stay on Guard duty to make sure they did not get here. On the way back, Zack got caught in a mudslide after one of the bombs hit the nearby hill. He went out like the others. My company just acquired some new novices to fight and obviously they hadn’t seen rats before, consequently they were scared and it wasn’t helped by our stories of how the brown rats ripped through the Germans brains and was still hungry. In fact, he got scared so much, we tried to hide in No Man’s Land to get away but their snipers shot through him quite literally.By the time it was safe, we had finished breakfast from the last of our uncontaminated supplies. And just after that we got on ‘Lice Duty’, picking out all those eggs was futile, as there were some hidden in the seams of the clothing. Those slugs and beetles were worse than ever, crowding the walls o f the little area for themselves. Just got a haircut so I am bald again so I have avoided the new nits problem.During when I am free, I like to do loads of stuff but I decided to make a war poem, I mean everyone else does. How does it sound? (Extract from Jesse Pole, ‘The Cole’)Who's for the trench– Are you, my laddie? Who'll follow French– Will you, my laddie? Who's fretting to begin? Who's going out to win? And who wants to save his skin– Do you, my laddie?What I am not going to include, is that rat problem. It is just to insensitive in my opinion as they killed 1.7million people so far because of their diseases and their extremely high fertility rate makes it almost impossible to get rid of them. Them are like a swarm of bees they will constantly annoy you. You know that trench foot I had, I finally got rid of it, I am cured no more shall those fungi on the side of the wall get the better of me.Stand to and Morning Hate wasn’t any differen t, repairing those bayonets. Those 3 hours of peace while breakfast was just amazing, the relief of not having to be in a trench, but there is Guard duty. You know, when someone out of each company waits behind at the machine guns, it’s yet to be me, but I’ve leaving the front line soon thankfully it’s been 70 days and the whole trench cycle thing will take over and I’ll be free for a year.Our platoon is quite lucky in my opinion as we are being provided free rum for our duty along with breakfast, because some of the others don’t get anything. Breakfast is during stand to and morning hate. Just cause the guns stopped firing, doesn’t mean there is rest, I mean if you come here, you will find yourself scurrying across like a mouse, because of the cleansing and checking of equipment. Both of the sides unofficially declare a truce I think, I mean at the time we are most off-guard; there is no gunfire. Just wait until a SO, senior officer, finds out that it happened again, he will send out one company to the German’s trenches through No Man’s Land and deserters were just killed.The kind of things we have to do after breakfast can be tiring I mean it is fun refilling sandbags and repairing duckboards but the amount of time it takes is forever. We would normally find out what we do by our NCOs. They’d assign us each a chore everyday just to try and make it more comforting to stay. After another heavy storm last night, I suspect we have to spend at least 2 hours reshaping the walls of the trenches to the correct shape because what usually happens is that the rain deforms the walls and makes the floor super muddy and almost impossible to work in. But that is not as hard as it seems, the equipment here is actually quite good compared to back out at home. The pumps functioned and all the muddy water was taken away without all the hard labour. There were a few other small roles that the NCOs would give us, tha t is to repair the trenches from yesterdays shelling  for todays and also to prepare all the ammunition.The main problem out here is boredom, the snipers on the Germans side look out over the 500 yard gap between us and them so it is almost impossible to move during daylight, otherwise you would be ‘moving’ ducks. Whilst stand to and morning hate was going on, if you finished your chores you do personal stuff like reading or writing letters back home. Most of them are censored, luckily being an Officer, I can write these types of things.Today I’m on patrol duty so I’ve been training in hand to hand combat skills such as knifing and boxing because whilst patrolling if we find a German patrol, we would have to either fight or run, and to me, running is not an option. Out on No Man’s Land, there is a variety of things to do such as repairing barbed wire and going to listening posts. However the most gruesome thing you could possibly do out there is r etrieve the dead bodies,, I mean that is gross.When you see dusk coming, you know you have to get ready for a big fight or probably a small battle, you would know it’s coming cause the general will launch a special cannon into No Man’s Land just to tell you to get ready. During these times supplies are normally shipped over because you would be likely to see enemy and friendly movement, and also that crawling over long grass to repair barbed wire can make a lot of sound and theoretically, get you killed Sometimes, lucky men would be sent to the supply trenches to pick up rations and ammo, whilst we are all on firing duty.During these times there is some one normally operating a machine gun for 2 hours. Any longer and they’d fall asleep. If they did, the penalty of risking the lives of everyone, is getting killed by the firing squad, but I don’t see how that is fair, I mean we are all sleep-deprived.Men were relieved form their roles as marksman and ground troops at night as well, these men would then cross the maze of networks to get back to safety. It once took an hour or two, because our equipment is heavy and it takes forever to actually get anywhere.Something you’ll have to get used to around here is that horrid smell. When something dies, it rots away and if not disposed of, it can really stink. Once, I heard this story that at the Somme Line, approximately 200 000 men were killed and it stank out the entire place, I mean dead corpses and noses just don’t go together well. The smell of creosol in the morning is OK now but when I first came, I almost killed myself.Well that’s all I can think of on the top of my head right now, got to go and do morning hate soon you know. Writing whilst I am meant to be sleeping doesn’t exactly help my sleeping problems but it does comfort in me knowing I’ll have the time to write it. You could come and help out one day, I mean they don’t ‘need†™ you back home working with the land girls and business men to grow and sell the food that you are making on mom’s farm.You’re sincerelyChristopher, your dear Brother A Letter from the Trenches My Dear BrotherI had attended to write earlier, however the Germans had us covered with the constant rain of shells falling, we had to stay on Guard duty to make sure they did not get here. On the way back, Zack got caught in a mudslide after one of the bombs hit the nearby hill. He went out like the others. My company just acquired some new novices to fight and obviously they hadn’t seen rats before, consequently they were scared and it wasn’t helped by our stories of how the brown rats ripped through the Germans brains and was still hungry. In fact, he got scared so much, we tried to hide in No Man’s Land to get away but their snipers shot through him quite literally.By the time it was safe, we had finished breakfast from the last of our uncontaminated supplies. And just after that we got on ‘Lice Duty’, picking out all those eggs was futile, as there were some hidden in the seams of the clothing. Those slugs and beetles were worse than ever, crowd ing the walls of the little area for themselves. Just got a haircut so I am bald again so I have avoided the new nits problem.During when I am free, I like to do loads of stuff but I decided to make a war poem, I mean everyone else does. How does it sound? (Extract from Jesse Pole, ‘The Cole’)Who's for the trench– Are you, my laddie? Who'll follow French– Will you, my laddie? Who's fretting to begin? Who's going out to win? And who wants to save his skin– Do you, my laddie?What I am not going to include, is that rat problem. It is just to insensitive in my opinion as they killed 1.7million people so far because of their diseases and their extremely high fertility rate makes it almost  impossible to get rid of them. Them are like a swarm of bees they will constantly annoy you. You know that trench foot I had, I finally got rid of it, I am cured no more shall those fungi on the side of the wall get the better of me.Stand to and Morning Hate wasnâ₠¬â„¢t any different, repairing those bayonets. Those 3 hours of peace while breakfast was just amazing, the relief of not having to be in a trench, but there is Guard duty. You know, when someone out of each company waits behind at the machine guns, it’s yet to be me, but I’ve leaving the front line soon thankfully it’s been 70 days and the whole trench cycle thing will take over and I’ll be free for a year.Our platoon is quite lucky in my opinion as we are being provided free rum for our duty along with breakfast, because some of the others don’t get anything. Breakfast is during stand to and morning hate. Just cause the guns stopped firing, doesn’t mean there is rest, I mean if you come here, you will find yourself scurrying across like a mouse, because of the cleansing and checking of equipment. Both of the sides unofficially declare a truce I think, I mean at the time we are most off-guard; there is no gunfire. Just wait until a SO, seni or officer, finds out that it happened again, he will send out one company to the German’s trenches through No Man’s Land and deserters were just killed.The kind of things we have to do after breakfast can be tiring I mean it is fun refilling sandbags and repairing duckboards but the amount of time it takes is forever. We would normally find out what we do by our NCOs. They’d assign us each a chore everyday just to try and make it more comforting to stay. After another heavy storm last night, I suspect we have to spend at least 2 hours reshaping the walls of the trenches to the correct shape because what usually happens is that the rain deforms the walls and makes the floor super muddy and almost impossible to work in. But that is not as hard as it seems, the equipment here is actually quite good compared to back out at home.The pumps functioned and all the muddy water was taken away without all the hard labour. There were a few other small roles that the NCOs w ould give us, that is to repair the trenches from yesterdays shelling  for todays and also to prepare all the ammunition.The main problem out here is boredom, the snipers on the Germans side look out over the 500 yard gap between us and them so it is almost impossible to move during daylight, otherwise you would be ‘moving’ ducks. Whilst stand to and morning hate was going on, if you finished your chores you do personal stuff like reading or writing letters back home. Most of them are censored, luckily being an Officer, I can write these types of things.Today I’m on patrol duty so I’ve been training in hand to hand combat skills such as knifing and boxing because whilst patrolling if we find a German patrol, we would have to either fight or run, and to me, running is not an option. Out on No Man’s Land, there is a variety of things to do such as repairing barbed wire and going to listening posts. However the most gruesome thing you could possibly do out there is retrieve the dead bodies,, I mean that is gross.When you see dusk coming, you know you have to get ready for a big fight or probably a small battle, you would know it’s coming cause the general will launch a special cannon into No Man’s Land just to tell you to get ready. During these times supplies are normally shipped over because you would be likely to see enemy and friendly movement, and also that crawling over long grass to repair barbed wire can make a lot of sound and theoretically, get you killed Sometimes, lucky men would be sent to the supply trenches to pick up rations and ammo, whilst we are all on firing duty.During these times there is some one normally operating a machine gun for 2 hours. Any longer and they’d fall asleep. If they did, the penalty of risking the lives of everyone, is getting killed by the firing squad, but I don’t see how that is fair, I mean we are all sleep-deprived.Men were relieved form their roles as ma rksman and ground troops at night as well, these men would then cross the maze of networks to get back to safety. It once took an hour or two, because our equipment is heavy and it takes forever to actually get anywhere.Something you’ll have to get used to around here is that horrid smell. When something dies, it rots away and if not disposed of, it can really stink. Once, I heard this story that at the Somme Line, approximately 200 000 men were killed and it stank out the entire place, I mean dead corpses and noses just don’t go together well. The smell of creosol in the morning is OK now but when I first came, I almost killed myself.Well that’s all I can think of on the top of my head right now, got to go and do morning hate soon you know. Writing whilst I am meant to be sleeping doesn’t exactly help my sleeping problems but it does comfort in me knowing I’ll have the time to write it. You could come and help out one day, I mean they don’t ‘need’ you back home working with the land girls and business men to grow and sell the food that you are making on mom’s farm.You’re sincerelyChristopher, your dear Brother

The Internet Of Things ( Iot ) - 982 Words

Executive Summary Technology is quickly changing the way we interact with the world around us. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the ability of physical objects to connect to the Internet and to send and receive data.Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT). The IoT concept is difficult to define precisely. IoT can be define as the network of physical objects are embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity that enables these items to gather and exchange data. Another definition for IoT is interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction in order to complete a system. In the Internet of Things, one things can be insulin pump that has the ability to send a record of person glucose levels. It also can be other natural or manmade item that can be assigned an IP address and has the ability to exchange data over a network or the Internet. Many of IoT practical technology applications can be found in industries such as precision agriculture, building management, healthcare, energy and transportation. Some examples of IoT are wearables, a smart home, medication dispensing service, embedded data collector, and a smart waste and recycling system In this report, I will focus on IoT devices that are sold to or used by consumers. Some of these devicesShow MoreRelatedThe Internet Of Things ( Iot )892 Words   |  4 PagesThe Internet of Things (IOT) The Internet of Things (IOT) is said to be the next new revolution after the mobile devices. IOT is simply a technology that allows the interconnection of billions of devices to each other so as to provide more intuitive insights. This works to help both individuals and companies revolutionize their data and make life better. According to Mayer-Schà ¶nberger Cukier, (2013), â€Å"the Internet of Things envisions a self-configuring and adaptive complex system made out of networksRead MoreThe Internet Of Things ( Iot )911 Words   |  4 PagesThe internet of things (IoT) is comparable to the internet in how it provides communication connections over a large area public network. The internet is used to connect people to each other using device connections to a main stream network. The IoT is currently a conceptual construct of a network system working as a conduit to serve as a direct line of communication for multiple electrical operated objects. In theory if an object has an on/o ff toggle switch, then the object will eventually be ableRead MoreThe Internet Of Things ( Iot And The Internet1141 Words   |  5 Pagessecurity, known as the internet of things (IoT), covers the boundaries of the net to include an extensive range of computing devices. Linking a wide array of IoT devices to the Internet presents many challenges. Due to the gathered data being exposed to a widespread amount of internet users, the main challenge is security. Most IoT devices on the market are low-tier and have limited functionality, because of this, many standard security strategies cannot be implemented to secure IoT systems. This leavesRead MoreThe Internet Of Things ( Iot )1666 Words   |  7 PagesContents Internet of Things (IoT) 2 Definition 2 Introduction 2 Current State of IoT 2 Building Blocks 3 Marketing Challenges 4 Finding a receptive audience 4 Articulating the value 4 Getting the buyer up to speed 4 Marketing Strategies 5 Know the Customer 5 Sell the benefits 5 Expand Sales Touchpoints 5 Adopt a consultative approach 5 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Internet of Things (IoT)Read MoreThe Internet Of Things ( Iot )1750 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary The Internet of Things (IoT) is known for wearable gadgets such as the new Apple watch or fitness wearables such as Fitbit. 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In recent years, its ability to sense the data has increased tremendously, which increases the prospects of IoT applications useful to humans. Machine learning will play a big part to help IoT derive sense from raw data andRead MoreSurvey Of Security On Internet Of Things ( Iot ) Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pages Survey of Security in Internet Of Things(IoT) Jacquelyn Rapose School of Computing Clemson University Clemson, USA jrapose@g.clemson.edu Abstract— The Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology that has transformed our daily lives because of its distributed and ubiquitous nature. Security and privacy issues exist with the use of the IoT and must be addressed. In this paper, I discuss some of the security challenges that the IoT architecture has to address. I also compare the challenges that wereRead MoreTaking a Look at the Internet of Things (IoT)2143 Words   |  9 Pagesof the Internet as a set of connected computer devices is changed to a set of connected surrounding things of human’s living space, such as home appliances, machines, transportation, business storage, and goods etc. The number of things in the living space is larger than the number of world population. Research is going on how to make these things to communicate with each other like computer devices communicate through Internet. The communication among these things is referred as Internet of Things

Divorce And Its Effect On Marriage Essay - 1484 Words

Divorce is characterized as the legitimate end of a marriage, yet in its genuine sense, there is significantly more to it than simply the end of a relationship. These days numerous relational unions end in separation, and shockingly the vast majority of them end at their initial stages. This is a vital study in sociological research today as alongside separation rates going up, individuals level of strain and faltering about marriage is likewise expanding. At the present time, the general public acknowledges divorce effective and even proposes it as an answer for the inconsequential issues confronted in a relationship. Thusly, relational unions and family life are at a hazard. If by chance the number of divorces continue to ascend, the there is a chance that marriage should get to be wiped out. To add to the current issue, different law offices and sites promote separation through different strategies. For example, promoting the advantages of separation or by offering modified separ ation frames on the web. The rise of divorce is a reflection of the importance of relationships but it also has an impact on the ones involved. Some after effects include unforgiving passionate, therapeutic, money related and psychological implications of separation. The separation rates among youthful couples are expanding logically and has turned into an issue of significant concern. Separations were not so normal before, but rather as time cruised by, it started to be acknowledged as to aShow MoreRelatedFactors Responsible for the Probability of Divorce1009 Words   |  4 PagesProbability of Divorce: Contrary to the reality in western industrialized nations, there is a common assumption that longer life-spans contribute to longer marriages. As the average length of marriage remains significantly the same, the reason for the end of marriage has changed from death to divorce. 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Effects Of Alzheimer s Disease On The Brain - 1133 Words

Last year my maternal Aunt Kate passed away. She had been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) about eight years earlier. My maternal grandmother also had been diagnosed with dementia before her death. Later this month I will accompany my 77-year-old mother to her neurologist appointment. While she has not been diagnosed with AD or dementia, she has been prescribed Donepezil (Aricept), one of the newer drugs that are thought to reduce the decline in memory in patients that have or might be developing dementia. I welcome opportunities to learn more about AD and the effects on the brain. The Alzheimer’s Association website, ALZ.org, is filled with a wealth of this information. Especially interesting was â€Å"Inside the Brain: An Interactive Tour.† I learned about changes the normal brain experiences from early, mild to moderate and severe stages of Alzheimer’s disease. 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Impatiens Balsamina Linn. (Kamantigue) Flower Extract a Potential Antifungal Agent for Candida Albicans and Trichophyton Mentagrophytes free essay sample

way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) decision table ‘ CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND Introduction The Impatiens balsamina Linnaeus, or commonly known as kamantigue, is a medical herb also known as garden balsam. This plant is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia belonging to the family Balsaminaceae (Touch-me-not Family). This plant can easily be seen anywhere in the Philippines. It is an annual (yearly) plant growing to 20 to 75  cm tall, with a thick branch but soft stem. The leaves are spirally-arranged, 2. 5 to 10  cm long and 1 to 2. 5  cm broad, with a deeply toothed margin. The most common flowers are pink, purple, white, or red and it is approximately 2. 5 to 5  cm diameter (http://www. plantoftheweek. org/week337. shtml). Different parts of the plant has many uses, the leaves, seeds and stem are used to treat skin afflictions and the juice extract of kamantigue was used to treat warts and even snakebite, while the flower can be applied to burns to cold the skin. The seeds of  Impatiens Balsamina contain four cysteine rich compounds with marked antimicrobial properties (http://stuartxchange. com/Kamantigi. html). The phytochemical content of Impatiens balsamina Linn. are Impatienol, pelagonidine, delphinide, cyanidine, balsaminones A and B, hosennkosides F-O and others are found in kamantigue which has antimicrobial and antifungal properties. ( A Guide to Medicinal Plants 2010 by Koh Hwee Ling, Chua Tung Kian, Tan Chay Hoon). Several species of genera Impatiens are currently still tested for their antifungal properties. 2-methoxy-1,4-napthoquinone that is used as an active ingredient of some formulation of preparation H; brand of medication manufactured by pfizer) Candida albicans is the most common pathogen within the genus Candida (Wingard, 1995; Pfaller, 2004). It is a diploid fungus that grows both as yeast and filamentous cells. Systemic fungal infections (fungemias) including those by Candida albicans have emerged as important causes of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients like those who are suffering from AIDS, cancer chemotherapy, organ or bone marrow transplantation. Candida albicans biofilms may form on the surface of implantable medical devices. In addition, hospital-acquired infections by Candida albicans have become a cause of major health concerns. (Pfaller, 2002) Candida albicans is commensal and a constituent of the normal gut flora comprising microorganisms that live in the human mouth and gastrointestinal tract. Candida albicans lives in 80% of the human population without causing harmful effects, although overgrowth of the fungus results in candidiasis (candidosis). Candidiasis is often observed in immunocompromised individuals such as HIV-infected patients. A common form of candidiasis restricted to the mucosal membranes in mouth or vagina is thrush, which is usually easily cured in people who are not immunocompromised. For example, higher prevalence of colonization of Candida albicans was reported in young individuals with tongue piercing, in comparison to non-tongue-pierced matched individuals. To infect host tissue, the usual unicellular yeast-like form of Candida albicans reacts to environmental cues and switches into an invasive, multicellular filamentous form, a phenomenon called dimorphism. Trichophyton mentagrophytes  is the most widespread among the  anthropophilic dermatophytes. Anthropophilic dermatophyte is found in association with humans. It  is the most common agent of Tinea on the feet, hands, nails, groin, and the glabrous skin, however, the scalp is rarely infected. Animals are very infrequently infected as well. (Ryan KJ, Ray CG,2004). The growth rate is slow to moderately rapid, the texture of colonies ranges from downy to powdery while the surface colony color is white to pale pink while reverse is usually wine red, however at times, the color ranges from red, brown, violet, yellow or even uncolored. Presence of  microconidia  is numerous to rare, club shaped to pyriform, may be found solitary along the hyphae or sometimes in clusters, and are unicellular; and Microconidia  are frequently absent; pencil to cigar shaped, and are multi septate. Resistance to imidazole antibiotics such as ketoconazole, fluconazole, or itraconazole is unfortunately developing in isolates of Candida species. Candida glabarata and Candida krusei, in particular, are intrinsically more resistant to this class of antifungal agent than is Candida albicans (Pfaller, 2002, 2003b). The in vitro susceptibility of three clinical Trichophyton mentagrophytes  isolates to griseofulvin and tioconazole, determined by the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), was 2 and 0. 5 to 1. 0? g/ml, respectively. One mutant obtained after mutagenic treatment of one of these isolates was selected and showed simultaneous resistance to griseofulvin (MIC gt; 2000? g/ml) and tioconazole (MIC=1. 0? g/ml) (http://www. springerlink. com/content/q683722642467224/) Statement of the Problem This study determined the use and effectivity of Impatiens balsamina Linn. lower extract as a potential antifungal agent for Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes; therefore the following questions had been drawn: 1. What is the zone of inhibition of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. 2. Is there a significant difference in the zone of inhibition of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes using the flower extract of Impatiens balsamina Linn.. compared with the contr ol groups? 3. Is the Impatiens balsamina Linn. effective as antifungal agent for Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes? Hypothesis The following hypothesis was formulated for this study: There was no significant difference in the zone of inhibition of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes using the flower extract of Impatiens balsamina Linn. compared with the control group. Significance of the Study This study would benefit the following: Students. This study will benefit the students specially those who were studying Mycology which will help applying their knowledge into practical uses and developing critical thinking. Enabling them to be interested in medicinal plants. Future researchers. This study will provide additional information in conducting an experiment on Impatiens balsamina Linn.. It may serve as a background for their study. Community. This study will benefit the people that have skin infection. The uses and importance of Impatiens balsamina Linn.. will provide them alternative way in treating the infection. Scope and Limitation The study was limited to the determination of the effectivity of flower extract of Impatiens balsamina Linn. as antifungal agent for  Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Determination of antifungal property was limited to the quantitative sensitivity of the test organism to the extract in the antifungal bioassay performed using the Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. The plates were incubated for eighteen to twenty four hours and observations were made within this length of time. Definition of Terms Impatiens balsamina Linn. It is an annual, erect, succulent, branched herb, 1 meter high or less. Flowers are axillary, showy, 2 to 3 centimeters long, usually pink, but forms with white, red, purple, or variegated petals are also found in cultivation. Candida albicans. A yeast-like fungal organism found in small amounts in the normal human intestinal tract. Normally kept in check by the bodys own helpful bacteria, Candida albicans can increase in numbers when this balance is disturbed to cause candidiasis of the intestinal tract, or yeast infections of other parts of the body. Candida albicans causes thrush. Also called Monilia albicans. Trichophyton mentagrophytes. It is a fungi which cause inflammatory skin or scalp lesions in humans, particularly in rural workers. It also causes athletes foot, ringworm, jock itch, and similar infections of the nail, beard, skin and scalp. Candidiasis. It is a primary or secondary mycotic infection caused by members of the genus  Candida. The clinical manifestations may be acute, subacute or chronic to episodic. Involvement may be localized to the mouth, throat, skin, scalp, vagina, fingers, nails, bronchi, lungs, or the gastrointestinal tract, or become systemic as in septicemia, endocarditis and meningitis. Antifungal Agents. It is a drug that selectively eliminates fungal pathogens from a host with minimal toxicity to the host. Millimeter. is a  unit  of  length  in the  metric system, equal to one thousandth of a  metre, which is the  SI  base unit  of length. Zone of Inhibition. The clear region is an indication of the  absence, or the effective  inhibition, of  microbial  growth  by the antimicrobial  agent. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter indicates the ideas relevant to the present study relating to the other studies and was briefly discussed to provide the foundation of the research investigation. In order to develop an alternative medications specifically for fungal infection, careful review of related literature and studies must be done for the development of the study. Koh Hwee Ling, Chua Tung Kian, Tan Chay Hoon. (2010) stated in their book that a lotion of fresh leaves was used to treat eczema, itches and insect bites. In Vietnam, decoctions of leaves are used to stimulate growth and to wash hair. The juice was also used for warts, cancer treatment and expectorant. A decoction of flowers was taken for infections, vomiting, urine retention and as a tonic, In india, flowers are regarded as cooling, tonic and used for lumbago and intercostals neuralgia, snakebite, improves circulation and relieves stasis. In Japan, juice squeezed from the white flower petals are applied on the skin to alleviate dermatitis. In China, the seeds are prescribed for difficult labour, puerpal pains, difficult menstruation, cough, hiccups and poisonings. The seeds are mixed with arsenious acid for removing teeth. In Malaysia, the seeds are taken for gastrointestinal tract cancer,and to dislodge fish or chicken bones in throat. Richard A. McPherson and Matthew R. Pincus 2009 stated in their book that Candida albicans is the most common pathogen in all the genus of Candida. Cutaneous disease is the most frequent infection caused by the Candida species, typically presenting as erythematous lesions of the skin, sometimes accompanied by a creamy, white exudates or scaling. Richard A. McPherson and Matthew R. Pincus 2009 stated in their book that for many years, few antifungal chemotherapeutic agents were available with Nystatin virtually the only agent effective against moist of systemic pathogens. Although this potent anti fungal agent was frequently toxic, resistance to therapy was rare. The recent introduction of new antifungal gents and the subsequent development of resistance among mould and yeast pathogens has added new impetus to the development and standardization of test for laboratory guidance of antifungal chemotherapy. Alex Villafania in September 2007 stated that A Study from the University of Southeastern Philippines in Davao City has found that a compound from garden balsam (Impatiens balsamina), otherwise known as kamantigue, can control a disease striking the durian. Durian is a major export product from southern Mindanao but is constantly being attacked by serious diseases by the fungi  Phytophthora palmivora. Durian is constantly attacked by stem canker, root rot, leaf blight, die-back of seedlings and mature trees and the rotting of fruits. The study, headed by USEP Professor Belly Dionio, said that production losses in the durian industry across Southeast Asia are estimated to be around 20 percent to 25 percent annually. Dionio focused on garden balsam as an alternative to the otherwise hazardous use of expensive synthetic fungicides. An extract from red and violet garden balsam showed that it is toxic to  P. almivora  and is as effective as the commercially available fungicide Fosetyl-al. Dionio’s research team found that by using the garden balsam extract, they were able to reduce lesions on durian plants as much as 86 percent when the extract was sprayed an hour before plants are introduced to the  P. palmivora  strain. Likewise, the plants show 78 percent reduction in lesions when these are sprayed with the garden balsam extract an hour after these are exposed to  P . palmivora. Defoliation (death of leaves) due to the fungus was also lower in durian plants sprayed with the extract. They also found out that the extract can remain effective even if it was stored in room temperature for 13 weeks, making it viable as a cheap and safe long-term preventive measure against durian diseases (http://blogs. inquirer. net/insidescience/2007/09/10/study-reveals-fungicidal-benefits-of-kamantigue-on-durian/) Richard Seah in 1990 stated in their article that Garlic is one food that has powerful anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties and some scientific studies have found it to be at least as effective as the popular anti-fungal drug, Nystatin, in destroying candida albicans. One important difference between taking drugs such as antibiotics and anti-fungals, and taking garlic, was that bacteria and fungi are not likely to develop a resistance to garlic. This was because garlic contains many different substances with anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, including allicin, alliin, alliinase and S-allylcysteine. To get the most of garlics ability to destroy bacteria and fungi like the candida yeast, it was best to take garlic raw (http://www. natural-cancer-cures. com/cures-for-candida. html). Lim, Jeffrey, Maamo, Marlo and Monte Grande, Claro 1993 stated in their article that the effectivity of Kampanyero (Thevetia peruviana) leaf extract as an inhibitory agent was tested on Candida albicans in vitro in extract concentration s of 100%, 75%, and 50%. In the serial dilution test, the result of five trials showed that the extract exerted significantly greater fungicidal activity in Candida albicans compared to 80 % ethanol as control. Meanwhile, results of the paper disc sensitivity test in five trials showed that there was no significant difference in the degree of effectivity among the three extract concentrations. After statistical treatment using Student’s Test, the Kampanyero leaf extract was found to posses inhibitory properties which was equally effective at a 50% concentration 75% and 100% concentration on Candida albicans in vitro. Richard Seah in 1990 stated in His article that the oil of  Oregano Vulgare,  a species of the oregano herb that is commonly used in Italian and Greek cooking, is also known to have powerful anti-fungal properties. Interestingly, Oregano is used in the Philippines primarily as a herbal medicine – for various common illnesses like coughs and the flu – rather than a herb for cooking. Oregano oil is normally sold as a pure oil. It is very potent. So all you need is a few drops mixed into a glass of water. Taking too much of oregano oil might cause irritation to the mucous membranes (http://www. natural-cancer-cures. com/cures-for-candida. html). According to Barros, Clarita T. (Ph. D. Sci. Ed. , March 2000) and Clara C. Sibolboro, Ph. D. The studily determine the antifungal activity of the crude leaf extract of three medicinal plants, namely Ocimum sanctum Linn (Bidai), Impatiens balsamina Linn (kamantigue), and Heliotropium indicum Linn (Penga-penga). The study utilize the experimental research method. The Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was the research design used. The two way ANOVA and Scheffe Test were the statistics used. Finding revealed that the ethanol extract Penga-penga, Kamantigue and Bidai were active to T. mentagrophytes and E. floccosum. The chloroform extract of kamantigue was active to C. albicans and T. metagrophytes while those of Penga-penga and Bidai were active to T. mentagrophytes. All the plant extract except the chloroform extract of kamantigue were inactive to C. lbicans due to the absence of zone of inhibition. The comparative study among Penga-penga crude extract, Penga-penga ointmentand Ketokonazole revealed that the three samples were equally active against T. mentagrophyte. Similarly, the Kamantigue crude extract and kamantigue ointment were comparable in effect, but Ketokonazole (control drug) was significantly different. On the nature of inhibitory response of the three samples, the inhibition wa s fungicidal for both Penga-penga and Kamantigue extracts. Charles W. Hagen Jr. In 1996 Stated in his article that Chromatographic analysis of stems, sepals and petals of inbred Impatiens balsamina of the red-flowered genotype llHHPrPr has revealed a characteristic assemblage of flavonoid pigments in each organ. The more conspicuous compounds have been identified or partially characterized. The stems possess 3-monoglucosides of kaempferol, quercetin, pelargonidin, cyanidin and, presumably, delphinidin. The variety of pigments is less in flower parts than in stems, and less in etals than in sepals, but the flower parts exhibit a greater elaboration of substituents on the aromatic nuclei. The paired petals of mature flowers are pigmented by p-coumaroyl and feruloyl esters of pelargonidin-3, 5-diglucoside supplemented by more highly substituted derivatives of pelargonidin and by large amounts of kaempferol as the aglycone and two glucosides. The distribution of pigments has significance in the biology of the plant as well as providing an approach to studi es of factors which control flower differentiation ( file:///E:/flavonoids. htm). Richard L. Mansell,  Joyce A. Seder in September 1971 stated in their article that Petals from stage 3 flower buds of the purple (LLhhPrPr) genotype of  Impatiens balsamina  were examined for O-methyltransferase activity. Acetone powders of the tissue gave active preparations which would methylate caffeic acid to ferulic acid in the presence of  S-adenosyl-l-methionin (  file:///E:/S0031942200971942. htm). Masoomeh Shams Ghahfarokhi, Masoud Goodarzi,  Mehdi Razzaghi Abyanehb,  Taghi Al-Tiraihi,  Gholamhosein Seyedipourd in December 2004 stated in their article that the antifungal activity of onion (Allium cepa  L. on two important dermatophytes,  Trichophyton rubrum   and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, with special reference to morphological aspects was studied. Growth of both fungi was found to be strongly inhibited by aqueous onion extract (AOE) as a dose-dependent manner. The extract showed fungicidal effect for both fungi at concentrations gt;3. 12% (v/v). The fungus  Trichophyton mentagro phytes  was more affected by the onion as compared to  Trichophyton rubrum  at all concentrations used. Morphological effects of onion exposure were examined in correlation with fungal growth. Corresponding to the growth inhibition, light and electron microscopy observations revealed morphological anomalies in hyphal compartments. The results demonstrated that AOE targets the cell membrane of the fungi as breaking down of both inner and outer membranes with consequent extrution of materials into the surrounding medium. Cytoplasmic membranes and other membranous structures of organelles, such as nuclei and mitochondria, were also disrupted. In correlation to the fungal growth, morphological alterations occurred to a less content for  Trichophyton rubrum  compared with  Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The hyphae of  Trichophyton rubrum  were found to be mainly affected by converting to resistant forms, i. e. , chlamidospores as a consequence of phenotype switching response to AOE. Plasmolysis accompanied by an almost complete depletion and disorganization of cytoplasmic structures were found to be the final event which led to cell death. Ultrastructural evidences obtained from this study strongly support that morphological changes of  Trichophyton rubrum and  Trichophyton mentagrophytes  caused by AOE are associated with its fungistatic and fungicidal activities. With respect to the morphological results and the preliminary data on fungal biochemistry, a mechanism of action by interacting of AOE with thiol (–SH) groups present in essential compartments of the fungal cells was postulated. (http://www. sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0367326X04001510) According to Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development, Los Banos, Laguna (Philippines)-Department of Science and Technology (2007)that the pathogen, Phytophthora palmivora Butler infects all parts of the durian tree in all stages of its development causing patch or stem canker, root rot, leaf blight, die-back of seedlings, and mature trees, and rotting of mature and immature fruits. Current disease management strategies involve the use of fungicides and proper cultural practices. However, due to high cost of fungicides and the risk to health and environment, there is a need to search for alternative method that is safe, effective and economical. Thus, Dionio et al. (USeP) conducted a 1-year study to determine the effectiveness of Kamantigue or garden balsam (Impatiens balsamina) in controlling the Phytophthora disease of durian. Findings of the study revealed the following: Extracts from mature seeds of red and violet Kamantigue had greater toxic activity than pink and white Kamantigue. Extracts prepared under sterile condition and stored earlier under ambient room condition (28 °C to 30  °C ) or in air-conditioned room (26  °C to 27 °C ) completely inhibited growth of P. palmivora in vitro up to 13 weeks of storage. The time of extract applicated affected the number of lesions induced by P. palmivora on 6-month-old durian seedlings of the Monthong variety. Spraying of extract 1 hour before and 1 hour after spray inoculation of P. palmivora reduced lesion number by 86% and 78%, respectively. Spraying of extract 24 hours before inoculation of P. almivora gave comparable result of 60% reduction in lesion number. Compared with seedlings inoculated with P. palmivora alone, seedlings which were also sprayed with the Kamantigue extract had significantly lower percentage defoliation. Seedlings sprayed with the extract 1 hour before inoculation had 13. 4% defoliation. Those sprayed 24 hours before inoculation had 12. 6% defoliation while those sprayed with extract o ne hour after inoculation had 12. 2% defoliation. Scraped canker lesions sprayed with 1:1 (wt/r) extract and the pure crude extract were generally dry 3 weeks after extract application. All treated lesions were dry up to the 4th week of application while untreated lesions remained wet. Results of the study showed that matured fruit/seed of red and violet Kamantigue or garden balsam can be used as protectant botanical fungicide for the control of Phytophthora leaf blight of durian. However, for patch canker treatment, the affected portion must be well scraped before application of the extract in order to get better results. The researchers recommended validation trials for both leaf blight and patch cankers treatments. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the extract to control major diseases of other crops should also be done. Information generated by the study is important in reducing production cost. Kamantigue is available all year round. Furthermore, the environmental and health hazards caused by synthetic pesticides can be reduced. (http://agris. fao. org/agrissearch/search/display. do? f=2009%2FPH%2FPH0901. xml%3BPH2008001319). According to Ma. Victoria M. dela Cruz, M. D. , Julius A. Lecciones, M. D. , Indira Gandhilenet. Jundam, M. D. Joann Gomez, M. D. , Vicente Dennis Dio, M. D. , Luz V. Samulde, M. D. on Pediatric division stated that The specie most frequently cultured from clinical specimens is Candida albicans- a member of the normal flora of the mucous membranes in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and female genital tracts which if in such locations they gain dominance, may also be associated with pathological condition. Sometimes, the condition may even severe enough to produce sys temic disease, especially if cell-mediated immunity is impaired. Although, antifungal drugs are currently in use, only a limited number is available, most have to seek alternative means of combating these diseases, which is evidently increasing in incidence and occurrence. Setiawati, Erna  stated in 2006 stated that candidiasis is infection which cause of Candida. Ketoconazole is an effective antifungal. Bougainvillea glabra Choicy. is an traditional drug to treatment of leucorrhea. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of 100% Bougainvillea glabra Choicy. versus 2% ketoconazole in tratment of vaginal candidiasis. Method: This study was done by a laboratory experimental. As samples were the result of (+)Candida albicans inoculations at SDA medias. These were made the solution equal to 0,5 Mc Farland. 0,1 cc of solution was cultivated on the SDA media supplemented with 100% Bougainvillea glabra Choicy. and 2% ketoconazole. Incubated at 370 C for 2 days and looked those growth. If grow yeast on SDA media thus the result is (+) Candida albicans, and if don’t grow yeast on SDA media thus the result is (-) Candida albicans. The difference proportion of growth was analyzed by chi-square test with degree of signifance of plt;0,05. Result: 30 medias of SDA which contained 100% Bougainvillea glabra Choicy. ,30 medias were found (+)/positive for growth Candida albicans. Meanwhile, 30 medias which contained 2% ketoconazole, 15 medias were found positive and 15 medias were found negative. The result of the chi-square test is significant ( p= 0,000 ). Conclusion: 100% Bougainvillea glabra Choicy. is uneffective in inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans in kandidiasis vaginalis whereas 2% ketoconazole is effective. Key words: Vaginal candidiasis, Candida albicans, 100% Bougainvillea glabra choicy 2 % ketokonazole (file:///C://UJI/BANDING/EFEKTIVITA/BUGENFIL. ebarchive) According to A. Ownagh, R. Majdani, N. Yaghobzadeh, and Z. Nemati, spoilage and poisoning of foods by fungi is a major problem, especially in developing countries. Aspergillus is the most important fungi causing spoilage of foodstuffs. Candida albicans as a yeast is the most important problem in local and mucosal opportunistic infections. The effect s of growth inhibition of Thyme oil on Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigates were studied in vitro. The disc diffusion method was used to elevate the zone of fungal growth inhibiton. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration(MIC) of the oil was used as a broth dilution method and minimal Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of the oil was determined by agarsurface culture method and compared with each other. The formaline was used as a positive control and normal saline was used as negative control. Zone of inhibition of thyme on Aspergillus fumigates was 34mm and on Candida albicans was 35mm. Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of the oil on Aspergillus furmigatus was 7 lit/ml and Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) of the oil on Candida albicans was 250 ? it/ml. The thyme oil was found to be strongly fungistatical agent against Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, werestudies in vitro (file:///C:/AntifungaleffectsofThyme0oilon. Ownagh. RMajdani. webarchive). According to Rajeshkumar R,  Sundararaman M in 2001, The opportunistic yeast pathogen Candida albicans and the emerging non-albicans Candida spp. cause life-threatening infections in immuno-compromised pati ents, leading to an increase in mortality rate. At present, the emergence of non-albicans Candida spp. auses serious infections that are difficult to treat the human populations worldwide. The available, synthetic antifungal drugs show high toxicity to host tissues causing adverse effects. Many metabolites of terrestrial and marine plants, microbes, algae, etc. , contain a rich source of unexplored novel leads of different types, which are under use to treat various diseases. Such natural drugs are less expensive and have lower toxicity to host tissues. The patent search on identified and potential anticandidal-lead molecules, from various patent databases, has been described in this review. Furthermore, this article consolidates the trends in the development of anticandidal drug discovery worldwide. Most of the investigations on natural, bioactive molecules against candidiasis are in various phases of clinical trials, of which, two drugs Caspofungin acetate and Micafungin sodium were approved by the U. S. FDA. In conclusion, the exploration of drugs from natural resources serves as a better alternative source in anticandidal therapeutics, having great scope for drug discovery in the future. file:///C://EmergenceofCandidaspp. andexplorationofnatural.. 5BMycoses2011PubMed-NCBI. webarchive) According to Dong Gun Lee,  Song Yub Shin,  Dae-Hee Kim,  Moo Yeol Seo,  Joo Hyun Kang,  Younghoon Lee,  Kil Lyong Kim  and  Kyung-Soo Hahm the antifungal mechanism of a 20-mer peptide, Ib-AMP1, derived from  Impatiens balsamina  was investigated. The oxidized (disulfide bridged) Ib-AMP1 showed a 4-fold increase in antifungal activity against  Aspergillus flavus  and  Candida albicans  than reduced (non-disulfide bridged) Ib-AMP1. Ib-AMP1 had very low activity for phospholipid disruption when compared with cecropin A(1-8)-magainin 2(1-12), ? -helical amphiphatic, antimicrobial peptide. Confocal microscopy showed that Ib-AMP1 binds on cell surface or penetrates into cell membranes. These results suggested that Ib-AMP1 may manifest its antifungal activity against  Candida albicans  by inhibiting a distinct cellular process rather than ion channel or pore formation in cell membrane. Antifungal mechanism  Ã‚  Ã‚  Candida albicans  Ã‚  Ã‚  confocal microscopy  Ã‚  Ib-AMP1 (http://www. springerlink. om/content/v1503k6062649346/) Justification Of The Study The above study shows that the following plants specifically Garlic, Oregano, Kampanyero, Penga-penga and others are used as alternative medicine for fungal infection in humans. Other study reveals that Impatiens balsamina Linn. was used as a fungicide for the prevention of fungal growth in fruit such as Durian. The present study wanted to prove that Impa tiens balsamina Linn. can inhibit the growth of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Not only fungal growth in plants but also fungal infection in humans. This will determine the effectivity of the flower extract of Impatiens balsamina Linn. as potential antifungal agent. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Research Design The study Impatiens balsamina Linn. Flower Extract: A Potential Antifungal Agent for Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes was an experimental research design. The research design used was Quantitative Analysis that examined the antifungal properties of Impatiens balsamina Linn. flower extract that attempts to prove the Effectivity of Impatiens balsamina Linn. In inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Test Organism The Culture Organism which was Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes were gathered from the Department Of Science and Technology in Bicutan, Taguig City. Gathering Of Data The researchers applied their knowledge in the preparation of the media that was used in the experimental procedure and in performing the inoculation of the test organism which was Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Other procedures like flower extraction was done with the help of Medical Technology in Unciano Colleges Inc. -Antipolo Collection Of Data The experiment was divided into three groups, the positive control group was Nystatin, an antibiotic which was commonly used for fungal infection; the negative control group was 80% ethyl alcohol while the experimental group contains Impatiens balsamina Linn. flower extract. The zones of inhibition of both control groups and the experimental group were compared then analyzed. The zone of inhibition was measured by the use of vernier caliper. The unit of measurement was reported in millimeter. Collection Of The Plant Sample The plant sample was collected in Barangay Caniogan, Morong Rizal. Only the red flowers of Impatiens balsamina Linn. was used in this study. Preparation Of The Plant Sample: The researchers collected fresh and mature flowers of the plant sample, then removed any extraneous matter by washing the flower petals with running water, then the flower petals were wiped with a dry and clean cloth, and followed by reducing the size of the flower petals through cutting and then autoclaved at 121 ° C for 15 minutes. Extraction Procedure: The researchers weighed about 100g of the ground plant material, placed in an Erlenmeyer flask, soaked in sufficient amount of 80% ethyl alcohol and stand for 24 to 48 hours. The volume of alcohol used was noted, and the mixture was filtered through a funnel with gentle suction, then the plant material with fresh portions of alcohol was rinsed by the flask and then the first filtrate was combined with the plant residue being discarded. The flower extract is placed in an evaporating dish on top of the casserole with boiling water to become more concentrated, until the scent of the alcohol was lessened. Then the flower extract was stored in a tightly stopped amber bottle and stored, preferably in cold condition, or if kept at room temperature, treat the extract with a trace of chloroform or toluene. Standard Ingredients In Sabouraud Dextrose Agar Water. The dried powdered ingredients are added to water. A typical batch uses 1 liter (1000 ml) of water although any amount can be made. Tap water was used unless a more defined formulation was required. Tap water usually contains minerals that are beneficial for fungal growth. If local tap water has high concentrations of undesirable minerals, deionized water should be sed. Dextrose. The carbon source in Saboraud Dextrose was dextrose (glucose), usually provided at a concentration of 40 to 70 grams per liter. This was notably more sugar than was included in most media. Saboraud Dextrose also has a low (acidic) pH. Both of these properties tend to facilitate the isolation of fungi, which are generally more tolerant of these conditions tha n bacteria. The high sugar concentration results in a high osmotic pressure, which tends to inhibit the growth of bacteria more than it does to fungi. Agar. Agar is a gelling agent, extracted from certain seaweeds and provided in powdered form. When mixed with water and heated, it cools to form a semi-solid gel that must be poured into a test tubes or Petri dishes before it cools. The agar concentration in Saboraud Dextrose can be from 10 to 25 grams per liter, with more agar producing a stiffer gel. Peptone. All organisms need nitrogen to grow. Organic nitrogen is provided by peptone or neopeptone at about 10 grams per liter. Peptone contains amino acids and other organic molecules obtained by the enzymatic digestion of animal proteins. Yeast extract is sometimes substituted for peptone. Preparing  Sabouraud Dextrose Agar The premix Sabouraud Dextrose Agarwas used, the proper amount of agar was around 65 grams and was mixed with one liter of water in an Erlenmeyer Flask and heated in the stove until the agar dissolved. The medium was then autoclaved or sterilized at 121? C for about 15 to 20 minutes. And was cooled, after cooling the medium was poured into sterile Petri plate and allow it to solidify. When the medium was solidified and cooled to room temperature it was ready for inoculation. Preparation of Peptone Water Dissolve a proper amount of 15g of the medium in 1 liter of distilled water. Mix thoroughly until it dissolves and become clear. Autoclave at 121? C for 15 minutes. Then stand it at room temperature until it becomes tolerable. Preparation of Broth Pour a sufficient amount of peptone water on two test tubes, the first tube was for Candida albicans and the second tube was for Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Let the prepared peptone water cooled at room temperature until it becomes tolerable. Using a wire loop get the organism and mix it with the peptone water in both test tube, observe until it becomes hazy but still visible to its background. More over when you put the test tube over a news paper the letters must still be visible. Then it was ready for inoculation. Preparation of Antibiotic Disc Make a filter paper disc using a punching machine. Autoclave the filter paper disc at 121 ° Celcius for 30 mins. Then soaked it in a sufficient amount of Nystatin. Inoculation The sterile petri plates containing solidified Sabouraud Dextrose Agar medium were used as a media in performing inoculation of the organism using sterile cotton swab. The entire surface of the agar were streaked evenly in all directions. And the plates were incubated at 37? C for 24 hours for the yeast and 27? C for the moulds. Disc Diffusion Method For Antifungal Activity Whatmann no. 1 filter paper were used to cut 7mm sized paper disc by a punching machine. This disc were sterilized at 121? C for 30 minutes at 15 lbs. At the centre of the petriplate a disc were positioned and 20 µl of each essential extract were soaked on the disc. Then fungal broth were streaked one by one over the agar plate radially. The petriplates were incubated at 37? C for 24hours. The zone of inhibition were measured after 24 hours incubation. Then the diameter of the zone of inhibition were observed and recorded. The following interpretative range of standard zone was adopted from Ontengco (2000). Zone of Inhibition| Inhibitory activity| ?17mm| +++, strong| 15-16mm| ++, moderate| 7-12mm| +, weak| 6 or 0mm| -, negative| Statistical Analysis The following statistical was utilized in this research. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a technique for analyzing the way in which the mean of a variable was affected by different types and combinations of factors. One way analysis of variable is the simplest form. It is used to compare the means of more than two independent groups. It was an extension of the independent sample t-test and can be used to compare any number of groups or treatments. Analysis of variance gives a single overall test of whether there are differences between groups or treatments. The Duncan’s Multiple- Range Test (DMRT) was based on the comparison of the range of a subset of the sample means with a calculated least significant range. This least significant range increases with the number of sample means in the subset. If the range of the subset exceeds the least significant range. Then the population means can be considered significantly different. Once a range was found not to be significant, no further subsets of this group are tested. The Duncan’s Multiple- Range Test was used to determine which of the population means are equal and which are significantly different. The Duncan’s Multiple-Range Test was utilized to determine which of the compared groups was significantly different. The Duncan’s Multiple-Range Test was utilized if the One-way ANOVA shows a significant difference in the population means (Adrian, 2010) CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1. The total and the mean of the zones of inhibition of Nystatin (Positive Control), Impatiens balsamina Linn. Experimental) and 80% Ethanol (Negative control) against Candida albicans in Trials 1,2,3. Trial| Nystatin(Positive) | Impatiens balsamina Linn. (Experimental) | 80% Ethanol(Negative)| Trial 1| 9| 0| 8. 5| Trial 2| 11| 11| 8| Trial 3| 11| 8| 9| Total| 31| 19| 25. 5| Mean| 10. 3333| 6. 3333| 8. 5| Note: Unit is in millimetres (mm. ) Table 1 show s the zone of inhibition on Candida albicans of the experimental group (Impatiens balsaminna Linn.. flower extract) as well as the positive (Nystatin) and negative (80% Ethanol) controls in all of the three trials were shown as well as their sums and means that were calculated. On the first trial, Nystatin (Positive control) had 9 mm zone of inhibition and the 80% Ethanol (Negative Control) had 8. 5mm zone of inhibition. On the other hand, the Impatiens balsamina Linn. flower extract (Experimental) was unsusceptible since it had no zone of inhibition. For the second trial, Nystatin (Positive control) had 11 mm zone of inhibition and the 80% Ethanol (Negative Control) had 8 mm zone of inhibition. The Impatiens balsamina Linn. flower extract (Experimental) had 11 mm zone of inhibition. Lastly, for the third trial, Nystatin (Positive control) had 11 mm zone of inhibition and the 80% Ethanol (Negative Control) had 9 mm zone of inhibition. The Impatiens balsamina Linn. flower extract (Experimental) had 8 mm zone of inhibition. The total zone of inhibition of the positive control (Nystatin) on three trials was 31 mm and their mean was 10. 3333mm. On the other hand, the sum and mean of the zone of inhibition of experimental group (Impatiens balsamina Linn. ) on the three trials was 19 mm and 6. 3333 mm respectively. Lastly, the total zone of inhibition of the negative control (80% Ethanol) was 25. mm and the mean was 8. 5 mm. Table 2. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) decision table Sum of`DfMeanF Sig. SquaresSquare Between Groups24. 056212. 0281. 064. 402 Within Groups67. 833611. 306 Total 91. 8898 Table 2 shows the results of the one-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) computations which includes the sum of squares between groups and within groups which was 24. 056 an d 67. 833 respectively. The Degrees of Freedom (df) are 2 and 6 and the mean square are 12. 028 and 11. 306. The tabular value of F as shown in Table 5 was 1. 064 and with 95% Confidence interval, the value of significance from the experiment was . 02. Since the accepted value of significance for 95% Confidence interval must be less than or equal to 0. 05 and the value of significance calculated from the experimental data does not fall within the reference range, it was concluded that there was no significant difference between the zone of inhibition of the experimental group (Impatiens balsamina Linn. ) and the positive (Nystatin) and negative (80% Ethanol) group against Candida albicans. Therefore, the null hypothesis was accepted. Table 3. The total and the mean of the zones of inhibition of Nystatin (Positive Control), Impatiens balsamina Linn. Experimental) and 80% Ethanol (Negative control) against Trichophython mentagrophytes in Trials 1,2,3. | Nystatin(Positive) | Impatiens balsamina Linn. (Experimental) | 80% Ethanol(Negative)| Trial 1| 11| 8| 10| Trial 2| 12| 11| 10| Trial 3| 13| 12| 11| Total| 36 | 31| 31| Mean| 12| 10. 3333| 10. 3333| NOTE: Unit is in millimetres (mm. ) Table 3 shows the zone of inhibition on Trichophyton mentagrophytes of the experimental group (Impatiens balsamina Linn.. flower extract) as well as the positive (Nystatin) and negative (80% Ethanol) controls in all of the three trials were shown as well as their sums and means that were calculated. Based on the data gathered in Trial 1, the Nystatin (Positive control) had 11 mm zone of inhibition and the 80% Ethanol (Negative Control) had 10 mm zone of inhibition. On the other hand, the Impatiens balsamina Linn. flower extract (Experimental) had 8 mm zone of inhibition. For the second trial, Nystatin (Positive control) had 13 mm zone of inhibition and the 80% Ethanol (Negative Control) had 11 mm zone of inhibition. The Impatiens balsamina Linn. flower extract (Experimental) had 12 mm zone of inhibition.